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      Virosome-based nanovaccines; a promising bioinspiration and biomimetic approach for preventing viral diseases: A review

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          Abstract

          Vaccination is the most effective means of controlling infectious disease-related morbidity and mortality. However, due to low immunogenicity of viral antigens, nanomedicine as a new opportunity in new generation of vaccine advancement attracted researcher encouragement. Virosome is a lipidic nanomaterial emerging as FDA approved nanocarriers with promising bioinspiration and biomimetic potency against viral infections. Virosome surface modification with critical viral fusion proteins is the cornerstone of vaccine development. Surface antigens at virosomes innovatively interact with targeted receptors on host cells that evoke humoral or cellular immune responses through antibody-producing B cell and internalization by endocytosis-mediated pathways. To date, several nanovaccine based on virosome formulations have been commercialized against widespread and life-threatening infections. Recently, Great efforts were made to fabricate a virosome-based vaccine platform against a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Thus, this review provides a novel overview of the virosome based nanovaccine production, properties, and application on the viral disease, especially its importance in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine discovery.

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          Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study

          Xiaobo Yang, Yuan Yu, Jiqian Xu … (2020)
          Summary Background An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia associated with the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December, 2019, in Wuhan, China. Information about critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection is scarce. We aimed to describe the clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Methods In this single-centered, retrospective, observational study, we enrolled 52 critically ill adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Wuhan Jin Yin-tan hospital (Wuhan, China) between late December, 2019, and Jan 26, 2020. Demographic data, symptoms, laboratory values, comorbidities, treatments, and clinical outcomes were all collected. Data were compared between survivors and non-survivors. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, as of Feb 9, 2020. Secondary outcomes included incidence of SARS-CoV-2-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the proportion of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Findings Of 710 patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, 52 critically ill adult patients were included. The mean age of the 52 patients was 59·7 (SD 13·3) years, 35 (67%) were men, 21 (40%) had chronic illness, 51 (98%) had fever. 32 (61·5%) patients had died at 28 days, and the median duration from admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) to death was 7 (IQR 3–11) days for non-survivors. Compared with survivors, non-survivors were older (64·6 years [11·2] vs 51·9 years [12·9]), more likely to develop ARDS (26 [81%] patients vs 9 [45%] patients), and more likely to receive mechanical ventilation (30 [94%] patients vs 7 [35%] patients), either invasively or non-invasively. Most patients had organ function damage, including 35 (67%) with ARDS, 15 (29%) with acute kidney injury, 12 (23%) with cardiac injury, 15 (29%) with liver dysfunction, and one (2%) with pneumothorax. 37 (71%) patients required mechanical ventilation. Hospital-acquired infection occurred in seven (13·5%) patients. Interpretation The mortality of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is considerable. The survival time of the non-survivors is likely to be within 1–2 weeks after ICU admission. Older patients (>65 years) with comorbidities and ARDS are at increased risk of death. The severity of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia poses great strain on critical care resources in hospitals, especially if they are not adequately staffed or resourced. Funding None.
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            A Review of SARS-CoV-2 and the Ongoing Clinical Trials

            Yung-Fang Tu, Chian-Shiu Chien, Aliaksandr Yarmishyn … (2020)
            The sudden outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, later named SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, which rapidly grew into a global pandemic, marked the third introduction of a virulent coronavirus into the human society, affecting not only the healthcare system, but also the global economy. Although our understanding of coronaviruses has undergone a huge leap after two precedents, the effective approaches to treatment and epidemiological control are still lacking. In this article, we present a succinct overview of the epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular characteristics of SARS-CoV-2. We summarize the current epidemiological and clinical data from the initial Wuhan studies, and emphasize several features of SARS-CoV-2, which differentiate it from SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), such as high variability of disease presentation. We systematize the current clinical trials that have been rapidly initiated after the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. Whereas the trials on SARS-CoV-2 genome-based specific vaccines and therapeutic antibodies are currently being tested, this solution is more long-term, as they require thorough testing of their safety. On the other hand, the repurposing of the existing therapeutic agents previously designed for other virus infections and pathologies happens to be the only practical approach as a rapid response measure to the emergent pandemic, as most of these agents have already been tested for their safety. These agents can be divided into two broad categories, those that can directly target the virus replication cycle, and those based on immunotherapy approaches either aimed to boost innate antiviral immune responses or alleviate damage induced by dysregulated inflammatory responses. The initial clinical studies revealed the promising therapeutic potential of several of such drugs, including favipiravir, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that interferes with the viral replication, and hydroxychloroquine, the repurposed antimalarial drug that interferes with the virus endosomal entry pathway. We speculate that the current pandemic emergency will be a trigger for more systematic drug repurposing design approaches based on big data analysis.
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              Fusion of Enveloped Viruses in Endosomes

              Judith White, Gary R. Whittaker (2016)
              To initiate infection, enveloped viruses must fuse with a cell membrane, a process mediated by a dedicated viral fusion protein. To date, these proteins group into three basic structural classes. Most require priming (via a protease) to prepare them to respond to a fusion‐triggering signal. Known fusion triggers include receptors, low pH and proteases (and combinations thereof). Here, we provide an update on viral fusion protein priming and triggering, with a focus on virus fusion in endosomes.
              Article 0 comments Cited 189 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Biol Macromol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Biol Macromol
                Title: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0141-8130
                ISSN (Electronic): 1879-0003
                Publication date PMC-release: 16 April 2021
                Publication date (Print): 1 July 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 April 2021
                Volume: 182
                Pages: 648-658
                Affiliations
                [a ]Biotchnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                [b ]Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
                [c ]Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                [d ]Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0141-8130(21)00760-1
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.005
                PMC ID: 8049750
                PubMed ID: 33862071
                SO-VID: ddbaa340-0414-4b8b-9388-5bdd79e1f8e9
                Copyright © © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 11 December 2020
                Date revision received : 2 April 2021
                Date accepted : 3 April 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: nanovaccine,virosome,viral infections,sars-cov-2,bioinspiration
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: nanovaccine, virosome, viral infections, sars-cov-2, bioinspiration

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