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      Dysphagia after antireflux fundoplication: endoscopic, radiological and manometric evaluation Translated title: Disfagia após fundoplicatura anti-refluxo: avaliação endoscópica, radiológica e manométrica

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          Abstract

          Background

          The transient dysphagia after fundoplication is common and most often disappears until six weeks postoperatively.

          Aim

          Analyze a group of patients who presented late and persistent dysphagia postoperatively.

          Methods

          Forty-one patients after Nissen fundoplication, 14 male and 27 female, mean age 48 year, were evaluated based on medical history, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, contrast radiographic examination and esophageal manometry. The results were compared with another 19 asymptomatic individuals.

          Results

          Contrast radiographic examination of the esophagus revealed in six cases delayed emptying, characterizing that four patients had achalasia and two diffuse spasm of the esophagus. Esophageal manometry showed that maximal expiratory pressure of the lower sphincter ranged from 10 to 38 mmHg and mean respiratory pressure from 14 to 47 mmHg, values similar to controls. Residual pressure ranged from 5 to 31 mmHg, and 17 patients had the same values as the control group.

          Conclusion

          The residual pressure of the lower sphincter was higher and statistically significant in patients with dysphagia compared with those operated without dysphagia. Future studies individualizing and categorizing each motility disorder, employing other techniques of manometry, and the analysis of the residual pressure may contribute to understand of persistent dysphagia in the postoperative fundoplication.

          Translated abstract

          Racional

          A disfagia transitória após fundoplicatura é comum e na maioria das vezes desaparece até seis semanas após a operação.

          Objetivo

          Analisar um grupo de pacientes que apresentaram disfagia tardia e persistente no pós-operatório.

          Métodos

          Quarenta e um pacientes após fundoplicatura Nissen, 14 homens e 27 mulheres, com idade média de 48 anos, foram avaliados com base na história clínica, endoscopia digestiva alta, contraste exame radiográfico e manometria esofágica. Os resultados foram comparados com outros 19 indivíduos assintomáticos.

          Resultados

          O exame radiográfico contrastado do esôfago revelou em seis casos atraso no esvaziamento, caracterizando que quatro tinham acalásia e dois espasmo difuso do esôfago. A manometria esofágica mostrou que a pressão expiratória máxima do esfíncter inferior variou de 10-38 mmHg e a pressão média respiratória 14-47 mmHg, valores semelhantes aos controles. A pressão residual variou de 5-31 mmHg, e 17 pacientes tinham os mesmos valores que o grupo controle.

          Conclusão

          A pressão residual do esfíncter inferior foi maior e estatisticamente significativa em pacientes com disfagia comparados com aqueles operados sem. Estudos futuros individualizando e categorizando cada distúrbio de motilidade, empregando outras técnicas de manometria, e a análise da pressão residual podem contribuir para a compreensão da disfagia persistente no pós-operatório de fundoplicatura.

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          Most cited references52

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          Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

          P Kahrilas (1996)
          To review the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in adults with esophageal complications (esophagitis, stricture, adenocarcinoma, or Barrett metaplasia) or extraesophageal complications (otolaryngological manifestations and asthma). Peer-reviewed publications located via MEDLINE or cross-citation. Emphasis was placed on new developments in diagnosis and therapeutics. Thus, fewer than 10% of identified citations are discussed. Controlled therapeutic trials were emphasized. The validity of pathophysiological observations and uncontrolled trials were critiqued by the author. Esophagitis is typically a chronic, recurring disorder treated with long-term antisecretory therapy, titrated to disease severity. Laparoscopic [correction of Laparascopic] antireflux surgery is an alternative strategy, but neither long-term efficacy data nor an appropriate controlled trial comparing it with proton pump inhibitor therapy exists. The main risk of esophagitis is adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett metaplasia, the incidence of which is increasing. Strong evidence suggests that both reflux-induced asthma and otolaryngological complications (subglottic stenosis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, or cancer) can occur without esophagitis. While the otolaryngological manifestations usually respond to antisecretory medications, reflux-induced asthma responds convincingly only to antireflux surgery. Although esophagitis and GERD symptoms predictably respond to antisecretory medicines, the risk of adenocarcinoma from Barrett metaplasia dictates that if heartburn is refractory to treatment, chronic (>5 years), or accompanied by dysphagia, odynophagia, or bleeding, it should be evaluated by endoscopy. Thereafter, patients with Barrett metaplasia require surveillance endoscopy to control the cancer risk. Reflux-induced asthma remains a vexing problem in the absence of either medical therapy or proven efficacy of a reliable mechanism of prospectively identifying affected patients.
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            Evidence-based appraisal of antireflux fundoplication.

            To highlight the current available evidence in antireflux surgery through a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Laparoscopic fundoplication is currently suggested as the gold standard for the surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, but many controversies are still open concerning the influence of some technical details on its results. Papers related to RCTs identified via a systematic literature search were evaluated according to standard criteria. Data regarding the patient sample, study methods, and outcomes were abstracted and summarized across studies. Defined outcomes were examined for 41 papers published from 1974 to 2002 related to 25 RCTs. A meta-analysis was performed pooling the results as odds ratios (OR), rate differences (RD), and number needed to treat (NNT). Data given as mean and/or median values were pooled as a mean +/- SD (SD). No perioperative deaths were found in any of the RCTs. Immediate results showed a significantly lower operative morbidity rate (10.3% versus 26.7%, OR 0.33, RD -12%, NNT 8), shorter postoperative stay (3.1 versus 5.2 days, P = 0.03), and shorter sick leave (20.1 versus 35.8 days, P = 0.03) for laparoscopic versus open fundoplication. No significant differences were found regarding the incidence of recurrence, dysphagia, bloating, and reoperation for failure at midterm follow-up. No significant differences in operative morbidity (13.1% versus 9.4%) and in operative time (90.2 versus 84.2 minutes) were found in partial versus total fundoplication. A significantly lower incidence of reoperation for failure (1.6% versus 9.6%, OR 0.21, RD -7%, NNT 14) was found after partial fundoplication, with no significant differences regarding the incidence of recurrence and/or dysphagia. Routine division of short gastric vessels during total fundoplication showed no significant advantages regarding the incidence of postoperative dysphagia and recurrence when compared with no division. The use of ultrasonic scalpel compared with clips or bipolar cautery for the division of short gastric vessels showed no significant effect on operative time, postoperative complications, and costs. Laparoscopic antireflux surgery is at least as safe and as effective as its open counterpart, with reduced morbidity, shortened postoperative stay, and sick leave. Partial fundoplication significantly reduces the risk of reoperations for failure over total fundoplication. Routine versus no division of short gastric vessels showed no significant advantages. A word of caution is needed when implementing these results derived from RCTs performed in specialized centers into everyday clinical practice, where experience and skills may be suboptimal.
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              Epidemiology and natural history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

              Epidemiological studies of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) are confounded by the lack of a standardized definition and a diagnostic 'gold-standard' for the disorder. In Western countries, 20-40% of the adult population experience heartburn, which is the cardinal symptom of GORD, but only some 2% of adults have objective evidence of reflux oesophagitis. The incidence of GORD increases with age, rising dramatically after 40 years of age. There is also wide geographical variation in prevalence. Complications, including oesophageal ulcer and stricture, and Barrett's oesophagus, are found in up to 20% of patients with verified reflux oesophagitis. The signs and symptoms of GORD often wax and wane in intensity, and spontaneous remissions have been reported. In most cases, however, GORD is a chronic condition that returns shortly after discontinuing therapy. Although GORD causes substantial morbidity, the annual mortality rate due to GORD is very low (approximately 1 death per 100,000 patients), and even severe GORD has no apparent effect on longevity, although the quality of life can be significantly impaired. There are data to suggest that the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) contributes to oesophagitis and stricture formation in patients with GORD. Although these data are not conclusive, it seems prudent, if possible, to avoid the use of NSAIDs in patients with GORD, particularly those with oesophageal stricture.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Arq Bras Cir Dig
                Arq Bras Cir Dig
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva : ABCD = Brazilian Archives of Digestive Surgery
                Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva
                0102-6720
                2317-6326
                Oct-Dec 2014
                Oct-Dec 2014
                : 27
                : 4
                : 251-255
                Affiliations
                From the Disciplina de Moléstias do Aparelho Digestivo e Gastrocentro, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Unicamp (Digestive Diseases and Surgical Unit and Gastrocenter, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Drausio J. Morais. E-mail: drausiomorais@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                Article
                10.1590/S0102-67202014000400006
                4743216
                25626933
                de331606-793b-4571-8da8-35bbf920da0a

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 09 June 2014
                : 21 August 2014
                Categories
                Original Article

                dysphagia,fundoplication,videolaparoscopy,manometry
                dysphagia, fundoplication, videolaparoscopy, manometry

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