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      Relationship between Social Capital and General Health among the Iranian University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study Translated title: A Relação Entre o Capital Social e a Saúde Geral Entre Estudantes da Universidade de Ciências Médicas do Irão: Um Estudo Transversal

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          Abstract

          Abstract The most basic axis of a society’s economic and social growth is health, and social capital is a major factor in determining that development. The purpose of this research was to evaluate, among the student body of Iran University of Medical Sciences, the connection that exists between social capital and overall health. This study used a descriptive-analytical approach to cross-sectional research. Students attending the Iran University of Medical Sciences constituted the statistical population. The approach developed by Cochran was used to pick 367 students at random. The demographic information form, two versions of the Delaviz Social Capital Questionnaire (2006), and Goldberg and Hiller’s General Health Questionnaire (1979), served as the data collection tools. Using Cronbach’s alpha test, the reliability of the first two sets of questionnaires was determined to be 0.73 and 0.78, respectively. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, statistical tests, and regression after being loaded into SPSS version 22. It was shown that general health was significantly related to the factors of gender, location of living, and degree of education (p < 0.05). It was shown via the use of regression that there is a statistically significant association between social capital and the two dimensions of group involvement and relationships in networks. These two dimensions had the biggest influence on general health and explained 39% of its variations. The overall health of students was not significantly affected by factors such as age, educational level, or marital status (p > 0.05). It is feasible to improve students’ overall health if social capital is increased, more students are encouraged to participate in group projects, and students’ ties with one another inside and outside their networks are expanded.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo A saúde é o eixo mais básico do desenvolvimento económico e social da sociedade, que é influenciado pelo capital social. O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de investigar a relação entre capital social e saúde pública entre estudantes da Universidade de Ciências Médicas do Irão. A investigação atual foi um estudo descritivo-analítico transversal. A população estatística foram os estudantes da Universidade de Ciências Médicas do Irão; ou seja 367 pessoas foram selecionadas aleatoriamente pelo método de Cochran. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram ficha de informações demográficas e dois questionários de capital social de Delaviz (2006) e saúde geral de Goldberg e Hiller (1979), cuja confiabilidade foi obtida por meio do teste alfa de Cronbach de 0,73 e 0,78, respetivamente. Os dados foram digitados no software SPSS-22 e analisados com estatística descritiva e testes estatísticos e de regressão. As seguintes variáveis: sexo, local de residência e escolaridade apresentaram relação significativa com a saúde geral (p < 0,05). Utilizando a regressão entre capital social e saúde pública, foi obtida uma relação estatisticamente significativa, e as duas dimensões de participação de grupo e relações em rede tiveram o maior impacto na saúde pública e revelaram 39% das suas alterações. Não foi observada qualquer relação significativa entre idade, local de estudo e estado civil com a saúde geral dos estudantes (p > 0,05). É possível aumentar a saúde geral dos estudantes através do aumento do capital social e da ênfase no aumento da participação dos estudantes no trabalho de grupo e no aumento das suas relações inter-redes.

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          Why is depression more common among women than among men?

          Women are about twice as likely as are men to develop depression during their lifetime. This Series paper summarises evidence regarding the epidemiology on gender differences in prevalence, incidence, and course of depression, and factors possibly explaining the gender gap. Gender-related subtypes of depression are suggested to exist, of which the developmental subtype has the strongest potential to contribute to the gender gap. Limited evidence exists for risk factors to be specifically linked to depression. Future research could profit from a transdiagnostic perspective, permitting the differentiation of specific susceptibilities from those predicting general psychopathologies within and across the internalising and externalising spectra. An integration of the Research Domain Criteria framework will allow examination of gender differences in core psychological functions, within the context of developmental transitions and environmental settings. Monitoring of changing socioeconomic and cultural trends in factors contributing to the gender gap will be important, as well as the influence of these trends on changes in symptom expression across psychopathologies in men and women.
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            A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire

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              Monitoring and surveillance of chronic non-communicable diseases: progress and capacity in high-burden countries.

              The burden of chronic, non-communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries is increasing. We outline a framework for monitoring of such diseases and review the mortality burden and the capacity of countries to respond to them. We show data from WHO data sources and published work for prevalence of tobacco use, overweight, and cause-specific mortality in 23 low-income and middle-income countries with a high burden of non-communicable disease. Data for national capacity for chronic disease prevention and control were generated from a global assessment that was done in WHO member states in 2009-10. Although reliable data for cause-specific mortality are scarce, non-communicable diseases were estimated to be responsible for 23·4 million (or 64% of the total) deaths in the 23 countries that we analysed, with 47% occurring in people who were younger than 70 years. Tobacco use and overweight are common in most of the countries and populations we examined, but coverage of cost-effective interventions to reduce these risk factors is low. Capacity for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, including monitoring and surveillance operations nationally, is inadequate. A surveillance framework, including a minimum set of indicators covering exposures and outcomes, is essential for policy development and assessment and for monitoring of trends in disease. Technical, human, and fiscal resource constraints are major impediments to the establishment of effective prevention and control programmes. Despite increasing awareness and commitment to address chronic disease, concrete actions by global partners to plan and implement cost-effective interventions are inadequate. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pjph
                Portuguese Journal of Public Health
                Port J Public Health
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública (Lisboa, , Portugal )
                2504-3137
                2504-3145
                April 2023
                : 41
                : 1
                : 4-11
                Affiliations
                [7] Urmia orgnameUrmia University of Medical Sciences orgdiv1Clinical Research Institute orgdiv2Social Determinants of Health Research Center Iran
                [5] Tehran Tehran orgnameIran University of Medical Sciences orgdiv1eHealth Promotion Research Center Iran
                [4] Shiraz Fars orgnameShiraz University orgdiv1Department of Sociology Iran
                [1] Khorramabad orgnameLorestan University of Medical Sciences orgdiv1Social Determinants of Health Research Center Iran
                [3] Tehran Tehran orgnameUniversity of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences orgdiv1Social Welfare Management Research Center Iran
                [2] Tehran orgnameAllameh Tabatabaei University orgdiv1Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Iran
                [6] Kermanshah Kermanshah orgnameKermanshah University of Medical Sciences orgdiv1Imam-Ali Hospital orgdiv2Health Institute Iran
                Article
                S2504-31452023000100004 S2504-3145(23)04100100004
                10.1159/000528396
                dee3b7f7-ad85-40df-ad76-fd397aef7c33

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 March 2022
                : 23 November 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Categories
                Research Article

                General health,Social capital,Students,Iran,Saúde geral,Capital social,Estudantes,Irão

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