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      Basta implementar inovações nos sistemas educativos? Translated title: Is it enough to implement innovations in educational systems?

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          Abstract

          Este artigo apresenta referências para melhor compreender a implementação de mudanças na escola, sistematizando-as a partir de um estudo sobre a Reforma do Sistema Educativo na Espanha e a implantação de um Currículo Nacional na Inglaterra e País de Gales, conjugado a revisões de pesquisas desenvolvidas nesse campo. A Reforma do Sistema Educativo espanhol tentou equilibrar o caráter prescritivo de diretrizes gerais com o caráter aberto da atribuição de cada escola elaborar sua proposta curricular, a partir de seu contexto e no marco das diretrizes propostas. Seu estudo contribuiu, sobretudo, para explicitar a diversidade de visões e posicionamentos que emergem do contexto de uma inovação. Essa diversidade é sintetizada na forma de seis diferentes tensões. A implantação de um Currículo Nacional na Inglaterra objetivou estabelecer um maior controle sobre a escola por intermédio de um currículo detalhado e prescritivo, associado à aplicação de exames externos como instrumentos de avaliação da escola por meio do desempenho dos alunos nos testes. No caso da experiência inglesa, são expostas análises fundadas em um conjunto diversificado de dados de pesquisa. Essas pesquisas apontam resultados desastrosos no contexto escolar, com o empobrecimento da prática pedagógica, predominando atividades preparatórias para os exames externos. Apresentadas as referências, a partir do substrato proporcionado por essas duas experiências, o autor conclui propondo ir além da perspectiva de implementar inovações em direção a processos de desenvolvimento profissional e institucional, que constituem, na escola, uma maior capacidade de produzir e interagir criticamente com propostas e contextos de mudança.

          Translated abstract

          The paper presents references to better understand the implementation of changes at schools. Systematization of the references is based on a study about the reform of the Spanish education system and the implementation of a national curriculum in England and Wales, as well as on reviews of researches developed in that field. The reform of the Spanish education system attempted to balance the prescriptive character of the general guidelines with the more open approach of leaving each school to elaborate its own curricular proposal (taking into account its social context and the general guidelines). The study of the Spanish reform has contributed mainly to make explicit the diversity of viewpoints and attitudes that emerge within the context of an educational innovation. Such diversity is presented and summarized in the form of six different tensions. The implementation of the national curriculum in England and Wales aimed to establishing a greater control upon schools through a detailed and prescriptive curriculum, associated to the use of external exams as instruments of evaluating schools by the performance of their students in the exams. In this case, analyses are grounded on various research data. Those studies point to disastrous results in the educational context, with the impoverishment of pedagogical practices where activities targeted at the exams take priority. After using these two experiences to motivate the description of the references, the paper concludes by proposing that we should go beyond implementing innovations, toward processes of professional and institutional development that enable schools to produce proposals and contexts of change, and to interact critically with them.

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          Most cited references20

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          Change forces: Probing the depths of educational reform

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            Central policy and teacher response? Scientific investigation in the national curriculum of England and Wales

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              When is a policy not a policy? School‐based assessment of practical science at 16

              E. Jenkins (1995)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ep
                Educação e Pesquisa
                Educ. Pesqui.
                Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo )
                1678-4634
                June 1999
                : 25
                : 1
                : 131-145
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica
                Article
                S1517-97021999000100010
                10.1590/S1517-97021999000100010
                dfafdfcd-8805-4bda-9db6-f2f4b9ded51a

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1517-9702&lng=en
                Categories
                EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

                Educational research & Statistics
                Educational Reforms,Educational Innovations,Reformas,Reformas Educacionais,Inovações,Inovações Educacionais

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