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      Incidence and clinical characteristics of pediatric‐onset type 2 diabetes in Hong Kong : The Hong Kong childhood diabetes registry 2008 to 2017

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          Abstract

          With increasing prevalence of childhood obesity worldwide, the incidence of pediatric-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) is also increasing in many countries. We aim to analyze the time trend and incidence of T2D in children in Hong Kong from 2008 to 2017, and to characterize clinical characteristics at diagnosis.

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          Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity : Extended international BMI cut-offs

          T. J. Cole, T. Lobstein (2012)
          The international (International Obesity Task Force; IOTF) body mass index (BMI) cut-offs are widely used to assess the prevalence of child overweight, obesity and thinness. Based on data from six countries fitted by the LMS method, they link BMI values at 18 years (16, 17, 18.5, 25 and 30 kg m(-2)) to child centiles, which are averaged across the countries. Unlike other BMI references, e.g. the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, these cut-offs cannot be expressed as centiles (e.g. 85th). To address this, we averaged the previously unpublished L, M and S curves for the six countries, and used them to derive new cut-offs defined in terms of the centiles at 18 years corresponding to each BMI value. These new cut-offs were compared with the originals, and with the WHO standard and reference, by measuring their prevalence rates based on US and Chinese data. The new cut-offs were virtually identical to the originals, giving prevalence rates differing by < 0.2% on average. The discrepancies were smaller for overweight and obesity than for thinness. The international and WHO prevalences were systematically different before/after age 5. Defining the international cut-offs in terms of the underlying LMS curves has several benefits. New cut-offs are easy to derive (e.g. BMI 35 for morbid obesity), and they can be expressed as BMI centiles (e.g. boys obesity = 98.9th centile), allowing them to be compared with other BMI references. For WHO, median BMI is relatively low in early life and high at older ages, probably due to its method of construction. © 2012 The Authors. Pediatric Obesity © 2012 International Association for the Study of Obesity.
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            Incidence Trends of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes among Youths, 2002–2012

            Elizabeth J Mayer-Davis, Jean M Lawrence, Dana Dabelea … (2017)
            Diagnoses of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in youths present a substantial clinical and public health burden. The prevalence of these diseases increased in the 2001-2009 period, but data on recent incidence trends are lacking.
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              Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009.

              Lawrence Dolan, Tessa Crume, Barbara Linder … (2014)
              Despite concern about an "epidemic," there are limited data on trends in prevalence of either type 1 or type 2 diabetes across US race and ethnic groups. To estimate changes in the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in US youth, by sex, age, and race/ethnicity between 2001 and 2009. Case patients were ascertained in 4 geographic areas and 1 managed health care plan. The study population was determined by the 2001 and 2009 bridged-race intercensal population estimates for geographic sites and membership counts for the health plan. Prevalence (per 1000) of physician-diagnosed type 1 diabetes in youth aged 0 through 19 years and type 2 diabetes in youth aged 10 through 19 years. In 2001, 4958 of 3.3 million youth were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for a prevalence of 1.48 per 1000 (95% CI, 1.44-1.52). In 2009, 6666 of 3.4 million youth were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for a prevalence of 1.93 per 1000 (95% CI, 1.88-1.97). In 2009, the highest prevalence of type 1 diabetes was 2.55 per 1000 among white youth (95% CI, 2.48-2.62) and the lowest was 0.35 per 1000 in American Indian youth (95% CI, 0.26-0.47) and type 1 diabetes increased between 2001 and 2009 in all sex, age, and race/ethnic subgroups except for those with the lowest prevalence (age 0-4 years and American Indians). Adjusted for completeness of ascertainment, there was a 21.1% (95% CI, 15.6%-27.0%) increase in type 1 diabetes over 8 years. In 2001, 588 of 1.7 million youth were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for a prevalence of 0.34 per 1000 (95% CI, 0.31-0.37). In 2009, 819 of 1.8 million were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for a prevalence of 0.46 per 1000 (95% CI, 0.43-0.49). In 2009, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 1.20 per 1000 among American Indian youth (95% CI, 0.96-1.51); 1.06 per 1000 among black youth (95% CI, 0.93-1.22); 0.79 per 1000 among Hispanic youth (95% CI, 0.70-0.88); and 0.17 per 1000 among white youth (95% CI, 0.15-0.20). Significant increases occurred between 2001 and 2009 in both sexes, all age-groups, and in white, Hispanic, and black youth, with no significant changes for Asian Pacific Islanders and American Indians. Adjusted for completeness of ascertainment, there was a 30.5% (95% CI, 17.3%-45.1%) overall increase in type 2 diabetes. Between 2001 and 2009 in 5 areas of the United States, the prevalence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents increased. Further studies are required to determine the causes of these increases.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Joanna Yuet‐ling Tung: (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Title: Pediatric Diabetes
                Abbreviated Title: Pediatric Diabetes
                Publisher: Wiley
                ISSN (Print): 1399-543X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1399-5448
                Publication date Created: August 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): May 18 2021
                Publication date (Print): August 2022
                Volume: 23
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 556-561
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong
                [2 ]Department of Paediatrics Hong Kong Children's Hospital Kowloon Hong Kong
                [3 ]Department of Paediatrics Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital Hong Kong Hong Kong
                [4 ]Department of Paediatrics Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong Hong Kong
                [5 ]Department of Paediatrics Princess Margaret Hospital Kowloon Hong Kong
                [6 ]Department of Paediatrics Prince of Wales Hospital Hong Kong Hong Kong
                [7 ]Department of Paediatrics Tuen Mun Hospital Hong Kong Hong Kong
                [8 ]Department of Paediatrics United Christian Hospital Hong Kong Hong Kong
                [9 ]Department of Paediatrics Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital Hong Kong Hong Kong
                [10 ]Department of Paediatrics Tseung Kwan O Hospital Hong Kong Hong Kong
                [11 ]Department of Paediatrics Caritas Medical Centre Hong Kong Hong Kong
                [12 ]Department of Paediatrics Kwong Wah Hospital Hong Kong Hong Kong
                [13 ]Paediatric Endocrinology, Genetic and Metabolism Virtus Medical Group Hong Kong Hong Kong
                Article
                DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13231
                PubMed ID: 33978300
                SO-VID: e061ba3d-a479-4976-b0e9-db4bbf1cc190
                Copyright © © 2022
                License:

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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