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      Electronic commerce of the endemic plants of northern Morocco (Mediterranean coast-Rif) and Tunisia over the internet Translated title: Comercio electrónico de las plantas endémicas del norte de Marruecos (costa mediterránea-Rif) y Túnez a través de internet

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          Abstract

          Abstract Background: Internet trade popularize the ornamental interest of plants but can also threaten species’ wild populations, if this activity is performed in uncontrolled and unauthorised ways. Questions: What endemic plants of Morocco and Tunisia are traded over the Internet by whom and at what prices? Studied species: 94 endemic plants of northern Morocco and 83 of Tunisia. Study site and dates: Tunisia and northern Morocco (Mediterranean coast and Rif region); internet survey between September 2018 and December 2019. Methods: To understand the extent of this new form of trade, we recorded the type of plant material sold over the Internet for the studied taxa, their prices and suppliers using online platforms. Results: Four northern Moroccan taxa (4.25 % of the total local endemics) were found as marketed by 18 nurseries in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, while no marketing activity was detected for Tunisian endemic plants. The nurseries involved offer for sale and distribution living individuals of Abies marocana at €12.00-259.50, Rhodanthemum hosmariense at €0.35-19.5, Salvia interrupta subsp. paui at €6.23-8.90, and bulbs of Acis tangitana at €1.05-3.95. Although these taxa are classified as endangered, they are traded worldwide without permit of the Moroccan authorities. The source and origin of the plant material are not clearly indicated, and only some nurseries report that their marketed material comes from own cultivated stocks. Conclusions: The implementation of protection laws/regulations and the monitoring of nurseries’ websites are recommended to control the illegal trade of wild plant material.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes: El comercio en Internet populariza el interés ornamental de las plantas, pero también puede amenazar las poblaciones silvestres de las especies. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles plantas endémicas de Túnez y norte de Marruecos se comercializan a través de Internet, por quienes y en qué precios? Especies estudiadas: 83 plantas endémicas de Túnez y 94 del norte de Marruecos. Lugar de estudio y fechas: Túnez y norte de Marruecos (costa mediterránea y región del Rif); investigación en internet entre septiembre de 2018 y diciembre de 2019. Métodos: Registramos el tipo de material vegetal vendido a través de Internet por los taxones estudiados, sus precios y los proveedores usando plataformas en línea. Resultados: Se encontraron cuatro taxones del norte de Marruecos (4.25 %) comercializados por 18 viveros en Europa, América del Norte, Australia y Nueva Zelanda y ninguna actividad comercial para las plantas endémicas de Túnez. Los viveros ofrecen a la venta individuos vivos de Abies marocana a 12.00-259.50 €, Rhodanthemum hosmariense a 0.35-19.5 €, Salvia interrupta subsp. paui a 6.23-8.90 €, y bulbos de Acis tangitana a 1.05-3.95 €. Aunque en peligro de extinción, estos taxones se comercializan en todo el mundo sin permisos de las autoridades marroquíes. La fuente y origen del material vegetal no están claramente indicados y solo algunos viveros informan que el material comercializado proviene de sus propios cultivos. Conclusiones: Se recomienda la implementación de leyes/regulaciones de protección y el monitoreo regular de los sitios online de los viveros para controlar el comercio ilegal de material vegetal silvestre.

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          Most cited references30

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          Hot-Spots Analysis for Conservation of Plant Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Basin

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            Wildlife trafficking in the Internet age

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              Estimating the extent and structure of trade in horticultural orchids via social media

              The wildlife trade is a lucrative industry involving thousands of animal and plant species. The increasing use of the internet for both legal and illegal wildlife trade is well documented, but there is evidence that trade may be emerging on new online technologies such as social media. Using the orchid trade as a case study, we conducted the first systematic survey of wildlife trade on an international social-media website. We focused on themed forums (groups), where people with similar interests can interact by uploading images or text (posts) that are visible to other group members. We used social-network analysis to examine the ties between 150 of these orchid-themed groups to determine the structure of the network. We found 4 communities of closely linked groups based around shared language. Most trade occurred in a community that consisted of English-speaking and Southeast Asian groups. In addition to the network analysis, we randomly sampled 30 groups from the whole network to assess the prevalence of trade in cultivated and wild plants. Of 55,805 posts recorded over 12 weeks, 8.9% contained plants for sale, and 22-46% of these posts pertained to wild-collected orchids. Although total numbers of posts about trade were relatively small, the large proportion of posts advertising wild orchids for sale supports calls for better monitoring of social media for trade in wild-collected plants.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bs
                Botanical Sciences
                Bot. sci
                Sociedad Botánica de México A.C. (México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                2007-4298
                2007-4476
                March 2022
                : 100
                : 1
                : 139-152
                Affiliations
                [5] Tunis orgnameUniversité de Carthage Tunisia
                [4] Hammam-Lif orgnameCentre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria orgdiv1Laboratoire des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales Tunisia
                [3] Tetouan orgnameAbdelmalek Essaâdi University orgdiv1Faculty of Sciences orgdiv2Department of Biology Morocco
                [1] Fès-Atlas orgnameSidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University orgdiv1Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz orgdiv2Department of Biology Morocco
                [7] Thermi Thessaloniki orgnameHellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter orgdiv1Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Greece
                [2] Taza orgnameSidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University orgdiv1Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza orgdiv2SNAMOPEQ Laboratory Morocco
                [6] Thessaloniki Thessaloniki orgnameAristotle University of Thessaloniki orgdiv1School of Biology orgdiv2Department of Ecology Greece
                Article
                S2007-42982022000100139 S2007-4298(22)10000100139
                10.17129/botsci.2850
                e08c8c93-853a-4fd1-b7af-6f94e4a2d0e9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 June 2021
                : 02 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Ethnobotanics

                threatened,wild plants traffic,neglected & underutilized species,North Africa,Nagoya Protocol,Conservation,valor ornamental,amenazadas,tráfico de plantas,especies desatendidas y subutilizadas,África del Norte,Protocolo de Nagoya,Conservación,ornamental value

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