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      Entrenamiento neuromotor en pacientes ancianos pluripatológicos en las Unidades de Hospitalización a Domicilio: estudio piloto Translated title: Neuromotor training in elderly multi-pathological patients in the Home Hospitalization Units: a pilot study Translated title: Treinamento neuromotor em pacientes idosos multipatológicos nas Unidades de Internação Domiciliar: estudo piloto

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: El envejecimiento se acompaña de factores de riesgo cuya reducción mejora la supervivencia. La actividad física incide sobre ellos, lo que realza su papel preventivo y su valor como tratamiento no-farmacológico. Dada la escasez de programas de entrenamiento específicos para ancianos pluripatológicos, sobre todo durante el periodo de inicio de resolución de la actividad clínica de una enfermedad aguda, o de la exacerbación de una o varias de las enfermedades crónicas, el presente estudio piloto analiza la viabilidad y efectos de un programa corto de entrenamiento neuromotor en estos pacientes ingresados en UHD (Unidad de Hospitalización Domiciliaria). Método: 11 ancianos pluripatológicos (82,2±6,9 años, 8 hombres) completaron 4 semanas de entrenamiento funcional con orientación neuromuscular y cognitiva, con evaluación pre-post sobre capacidad funcional (equilibrio, marcha, fuerza de tren inferior y agilidad), composición corporal y calidad de vida -6 semanas, incluida la evaluación-. Se realizaron dos sesiones domiciliarias supervisadas y una tercera autónoma semanalmente. Resultados: Los ancianos mejoraron en equilibrio y marcha (Tinetti-total: 14,0±9,0 vs 17,9±7,3 puntos; p =0,007), fuerza (test sentarse y levantarse 30-s: 3,0±3,7 vs 4,1±4,1 reps.; p =0,034), agilidad (TUG-test categorizado; p =0,001) y peso (82,2±14,0 vs 79,2±13,9 kg; p =0,036), aunque no en calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (SF-36-v2: 32,9±7,8 vs 31,2±7,7 puntos; p =0,722). La presencia del técnico aumentó el cumplimiento un 20%. Conclusiones: El dinamismo de UHD es idóneo para implantar programas de actividad física especializada que frenen los efectos devastadores del binomio envejecimiento-inactividad. Una corta duración no les resta eficacia.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Aging is linked to a various risk factors whose reduction improves survival. Physical activity affects many of them, what enhances its preventive role and its value as a non-pharmacological treatment. Given the scarcity of specific training programs for elderly people with multiple pathologies, especially during the start period of resolution of the clinical activity of an acute disease, or the exacerbation of one or several of the chronic diseases, the present pilot study aims to analyze the feasibility and effects of a short neuromotor training program in these patients admitted to UHD (Home Hospitalization Unit). Methods: 11 elderly patients (82.2±6.9 years, 8 men; acute phase of disease) completed 4 weeks of a neuromuscular and cognitive orientated functional training program, with pre-post assessment of functional capacity (i.e. balance, gait speed, lower limb strength and agility), body composition and quality of life -6 weeks, including the evaluation-. There were 2 supervised sessions and a third autonomous session every week. Results: Significant improvements were found in balance and gait (Tinetti-total: 14.0±9.0 vs 17.9±7.3 points; p =0.007), strength (30-seconds Chair Stand Test: 3.0±3; p =0.001), agility (TUG-test categorized; p =0.001) and weight (82.2±14.0 vs. 79.2±13.9 kg; p =0.036), but not in health-related quality of life (SF-36-v2: 32.9±7.8 vs 31.2±7.7 points; p =0.722). The technician's presence increased adherence to the program by 20%. Conclusions: The dynamism of UHD is ideal for implementing specialized physical activity programs that counteract the devastating effects of the binomial aging-inactivity. A short duration does not reduce effectiveness.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Introdução: O envelhecimento é acompanhado por fatores de risco cuja redução melhora a sobrevida. A atividade física os afeta, o que aumenta seu papel preventivo e seu valor como tratamento não farmacológico. Dada a escassez de programas específicos de treinamento para pacientes idosos, especialmente durante o período da iniciação da resolução da atividade clínica de uma doença aguda, ou da exacerbação de uma ou mais das doenças crônicas, o presente estudo piloto analisa a viabilidade e os efeitos de um programa curto de treinamento neuromotor nesses pacientes internados em UHD (Unidade de Internação Domiciliar). Método: 11 idosos com múltiplas patologias (82,2±6,9 anos, 8 homens, doença de fase aguda) completaram 4 semanas de treinamento funcional com orientação neuromuscular e cognitiva, com avaliação pré-pós de capacidade funcional (equilíbrio, marcha, menor força e agilidade do trem), composição corporal e qualidade de vida -6 semanas, incluindo avaliação-. Foram realizadas duas sessões domiciliares supervisionadas e uma sessão semanal autônoma. Resultados: Os idosos melhoraram em equilíbrio e marcha (Tinetti-total: 14,0±9,0 vs 17,9±7,3 pontos, p=0,007), força (teste de sentar e levantar 30-s: 3,0±3,7 vs 4,1±4,1 repetições, p=0,034), agilidade (teste categorizado pelo TUG, p=0,001) e peso (82,2±14,0 vs 79,2±13,9 kg; p=0,036), embora não na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (SF-36-v2: 32,9±7,8 vs 31,2±7,7 pontos, p=0,722). A presença do técnico aumentou a conformidade em 20%. Conclusões: O dinamismo da UHD é ideal para a implementação de programas especializados de atividade física que neutralizam os efeitos devastadores do binômio envelhecimento-inatividade. Uma curta duração não reduz a eficácia.

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          Development and validation of criterion-referenced clinically relevant fitness standards for maintaining physical independence in later years.

          To develop and validate criterion-referenced fitness standards for older adults that predict the level of capacity needed for maintaining physical independence into later life. The proposed standards were developed for use with a previously validated test battery for older adults-the Senior Fitness Test (Rikli, R. E., & Jones, C. J. (2001). Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community--residing older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 6, 127-159; Rikli, R. E., & Jones, C. J. (1999a). Senior fitness test manual. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.). A criterion measure to assess physical independence was identified. Next, scores from a subset of 2,140 "moderate-functioning" older adults from a larger cross-sectional database, together with findings from longitudinal research on physical capacity and aging, were used as the basis for proposing fitness standards (performance cut points) associated with having the ability to function independently. Validity and reliability analyses were conducted to test the standards for their accuracy and consistency as predictors of physical independence. Performance standards are presented for men and women ages 60-94 indicating the level of fitness associated with remaining physically independent until late in life. Reliability and validity indicators for the standards ranged between .79 and .97. The proposed standards provide easy-to-use, previously unavailable methods for evaluating physical capacity in older adults relative to that associated with physical independence. Most importantly, the standards can be used in planning interventions that target specific areas of weakness, thus reducing risk for premature loss of mobility and independence.
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            Health benefits of physical activity in older patients: a review.

            As the number of elderly persons in our country increases, more attention is being given to geriatric healthcare needs and successful ageing is becoming an important topic in medical literature. Concept of successful ageing is in first line on a preventive approach of care for older people. Promotion of regular physical activity is one of the main non-pharmaceutical measures proposed to older subjects as low rate of physical activity is frequently noticed in this age group. Moderate but regular physical activity is associated with a reduction in total mortality among older people, a positive effect on primary prevention of coronary heart disease and a significant benefit on the lipid profile. Improving body composition with a reduction in fat mass, reducing blood pressure and prevention of stroke, as well as type 2 diabetes, are also well established. Prevention of some cancers (especially that of breast and colon), increasing bone density and prevention of falls are also reported. Moreover, some longitudinal studies suggest that physical activity is linked to a reduced risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease in particular.
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              Contribution of neuroinflammation and immunity to brain aging and the mitigating effects of physical and cognitive interventions.

              It is widely accepted that the brain and the immune system continuously interact during normal as well as pathological functioning. Human aging is commonly accompanied by low-grade inflammation in both the immune and central nervous systems, thought to contribute to many age-related diseases. This review of the current literature focuses first on the normal neuroimmune interactions occurring in the brain, which promote learning, memory and neuroplasticity. Further, we discuss the protective and dynamic role of barriers to neuroimmune interactions, which have become clearer with the recent discovery of the meningeal lymphatic system. Next, we consider age-related changes of the immune system and possible deleterious influences of immunosenescence and low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) on neurodegenerative processes in the normally aging brain. We survey the major immunomodulators and neuroregulators in the aging brain and their highly tuned dynamic and reciprocal interactions. Finally, we consider our current understanding of how physical activity, as well as a combination of physical and cognitive interventions, may mediate anti-inflammatory effects and thus positively impact brain aging.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpd
                Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte
                CPD
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Región de Murcia, Spain )
                1578-8423
                1989-5879
                2019
                : 19
                : 1
                : 95-105
                Affiliations
                [2] Valencia orgnameUniversidad de Alicante orgdiv1Departamento de Didáctica General y Didácticas Específicas Spain
                [3] orgnameHospital General de Alicante orgdiv1Servicio de Urgencias-UCE-UHD Spain
                [1] Valencia orgnameUniversitat de Valencia orgdiv1Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva Spain
                Article
                S1578-84232019000100095 S1578-8423(19)01900100095
                e0c51f34-3655-42a6-aad8-1a6d1fc34f58

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 November 2018
                : 04 June 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Psicología del Deporte

                qualidade de vida,physical fitness,frailty,Aging,calidad de vida,prevenção primária,Aptitud física,quality of life,envejecimiento,primary prevention,paciente geriátrico,geriatric patient,fragilidade,fragilidad,envelhecimento,Aptidão física,prevención primaria

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