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      Nocardiose pulmonaire sur un terrain immunocompétent: à propos de 2 cas Translated title: Pulmonary nocardiosis in immunocompetent patients: about 2 cases

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          Abstract

          La nocardiose est une infection rare, mais sévère, causée par des bactéries du genre nocardia, qui appartiennent à l'ordre des actinomycétales. Si elles peuvent toucher l'adulte immunocompétent, les nocardioses restent des pathologies de l'individu fragilisé sur le plan immunitaire. L'atteinte pulmonaire reste la plus fréquente, sa prise en charge correcte est liée au diagnostic qui est souvent retardé par des présentations non spécifiques et des prélèvements non concluants. Nous rapportons ici deux cas de nocardiose chez des patients immunocompétents. Le premier cas est celui d'un homme de 24 ans, avec notion de tabagisme et d'éthylisme, hospitalisé pour des douleurs thoraciques et des hémoptysies de faible abondance, évoluant depuis deux mois, avec apparition d'abcès sous cutanés dorsaux fistulisés. L'exploration radiologique découvre une masse tissulaire médiastino-pulmonaire droite avec lyse costale adjacente et diffusion aux tissus para vertébraux droits. Les prélèvements bactériologiques restent négatifs motivant une biopsie scannoguidée de la lésion qui est revenue en faveur d'infection à nocardiose. Le second cas concerne un homme de 22 ans, aux antécédents de tuberculose pleurale traitée il y a 8 ans puis une rechute de tuberculose en 2011 (abcès médiastinal). Admis pour suspicion de rechute de tuberculose devant une toux chronique avec altération de l'état général et une hépatosplénomégalie. Le scanner thoracique montre des condensations alvéolaires avec pleurésie. Au cours de son hospitalisation, apparition de tuméfactions sous cutanées purulentes dont l'étude bactériologique du pus est revenue en faveur de nocardiose avec une souche résistante à tous les antibiotiques sauf colistine et bactrim. Les auteurs illustrent à travers ces deux observations, les aspects cliniques et radiologiques de nocardiose pulmonaire en mettant le point sur les difficultés diagnostiques et thérapeutiques surtout dans un pays à forte prévalence de tuberculose et très faible incidence de nocardiose.

          Translated abstract

          Nocardiosis is a rare but severe infection caused by bacteria of the genus nocardia, which belong to the order actinomycetales. If they can affect immunocompetent adult, nocardioses are pathologies affecting the individuals with weakened immune system. Pulmonary involvement is the most common manifestation, its correct management is based on diagnosis, which is often delayed due to non-specific symptoms and inconclusive specimens. We here report two cases of nocardiosis in immunocompetent patients. The first case concerns a 24-year old man with a history of smoking and alcoholism, hospitalized for chest pain and hemoptysis of low abundance evolving for two months, associated with the occurrence of dorsal subcutaneous fistulized abscess. Radiological assessment showed right mediastino-pulmonary tissue mass associated with adjacent costal lysis and dissemination in rights paravertebral tissues. Bacteriological sampling remained negative motivating ultrasound-guided biopsy of the lesion, which confirmed the diagnosis of nocardia infection. The second case concerns a 22-year old man with a history of pleural tuberculosis treated 8 years ago and of relapse of tuberculosis in 2011 (mediastinal abscess). He was admitted to hospital due to suspicion of relapse of tuberculosis based on chronic cough with alteration of general state and hepatosplenomegaly. Chest CT scan showed alveolar condensations with pleurisy. During his hospitalization, purulent subcutaneous swellings occurred. Bacteriological analysis of the pus confirmed the diagnosis of nocardiosis. Nocardia strains were resistant to all antibiotics except for colistin and bactrim. This study aims to highlight the clinical and radiological aspects of pulmonary nocardiosis, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties especially in a country with a high prevalence of tuberculosis and a very low incidence of nocardiosis.

          Most cited references10

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          Nocardiosis in Srinagarind Hospital, Thailand: review of 70 cases from 1996-2001.

          Nocardiosis is a common opportunistic infection found in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. The clinical manifestations, underlying diseases, radiologic findings, antimicrobial susceptibility and treatment of nocardial infection are presented here. A retrospective study at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen in Thailand was performed. Medical records from 1996-2001 were reviewed. There were 81 cases of nocardiosis during the study period but data of only 70 cases were available. 80% of cases were male. The mean age was 39.7+/-14.9 years. Underlying diseases were found in 80%, of which HIV infection was the most common (34.3%). The common clinical findings were fever, cough, and cutaneous abscess. The most common clinical syndrome was pleuropulmonary infection (44.3%), followed by skin and soft tissue infection (22.8%). Multiorgan dissemination was found in 11.4% of cases. The chest X-rays were abnormal in 46 cases (65.7%); alveolar and reticulonodular infiltration was common. Only 70% had positive cultures for Nocardia spp. The resistance rate of Nocardia isolates to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) was very high (57.9%) in this study. Most of the patients (85.7%) were treated with antimicrobials, of which TMP-SMX was commonly used. In-hospital mortality was 20%. Most of the cases who died had dissemination, brain abscesses or infection with TMP-SMX-resistant strains. The long-term prognosis was good, with a treatment success rate of 93.75%. Nocardiosis is a common opportunistic infection in many immunocompromised conditions. It can present with various clinical syndromes, especially pleuropulmonary infection. Culture may not yield the organism but modified acid-fast staining is very helpful in diagnosis. Drug susceptibility testing should be performed due to increasing resistance to TMP-SMX.
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            Pulmonary nocardiosis: a clinical analysis of 59 cases.

            Pulmonary nocardiosis is a rare but severe infection caused by Nocardia species. This study aimed at describing the clinical characteristics and prognosis of pulmonary nocardiosis.
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              DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN Nocardia spp. AND Mycobacterium spp.: CRITICAL ASPECTS FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS

              New methodologies were developed for the identification of Nocardia but the initial diagnosis still requires a fast and accurate method, mainly due to the similarity to Mycobacterium, both clinical and bacteriologically. Growth on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium, presence of acid-fast bacilli through Ziehl-Neelsen staining, and colony morphology can be confusing aspects between Nocardia and Mycobacterium. This study describes the occurrence of Nocardia spp. in a mycobacterial-reference laboratory, observing the main difficulties in differentiating Nocardia spp. from Mycobacterium spp., and correlating isolates with nocardiosis cases. Laboratory records for the period between 2008 and 2012 were analyzed, and the isolates identified as Nocardia sp. or as non-acid-fast filamentous bacilli were selected. Epidemiological and bacteriological data were analyzed as well. Thirty-three isolates identified as Nocardia sp. and 22 as non-acid-fast bacilli were selected for this study, and represented 0.12% of isolates during the study period. The presumptive identification was based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology, resistance to lysozyme and restriction profiles using the PRA-hsp65 method. Nocardia spp. can grow on media for mycobacteria isolation (LJ and BBL MGIT™) and microscopy and colony morphology are very similar to some mycobacteria species. Seventeen patients (54.8%) were reported and treated for tuberculosis, but presented signs and symptoms of nocardiosis. It was concluded that the occurrence of Nocardia sp. during the study period was 0.12%. Isolates with characteristics of filamentous bacilli, forming aerial hyphae, with colonies that may be pigmented, rough and without the BstEII digestion pattern in PRA-hsp65 method are suggestive of Nocardia spp. For a mycobacterial routine laboratory, a flow for the presumptive identification of Nocardia is essential, allowing the use of more accurate techniques for the correct identification, proper treatment and better quality of life for patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pan Afr Med J
                Pan Afr Med J
                PAMJ
                The Pan African Medical Journal
                The African Field Epidemiology Network
                1937-8688
                29 June 2017
                2017
                : 27
                : 149
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Service de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Hôpital Moulay Youssef, Rabat, Maroc
                [2 ]Service de Pneumo-Phtisiologie, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohamed V, Rabat, Maroc
                Author notes
                [& ]Corresponding author: Yasmina Rhofir, Service de pneumo-phtisiologie, Hôpital Moulay Youssef, Rabat, Maroc
                Article
                PAMJ-27-149
                10.11604/pamj.2017.27.149.12862
                5567944
                e0c6e848-dda0-463e-851f-a20b75c49bac
                © Yasmina Rhofir et al.

                The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 25 May 2017
                : 07 June 2017
                Categories
                Case Report

                Medicine
                abcès sous cutané,immunocompétent,nocardia,nocardiose pulmonaire,subcutaneous abscess,immunocompetent,pulmonary nocardiosis

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