Analysis of Injuries and Risk Factors in Taekwondo during the 2014 Italian University Championship

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Abstract

Purpose This study aims to analyze the risk factors and type of injuries occurring in Taekwondo athletes participating in a national competition.

Methods Out of the 127 competitors, 18 athletes got injured during a Taekwondo championship who were analyzed for the following parameters: modality of training; age, weight; belt color; and the type of injury.

Results Around 89% of the injuries were due to bruising and were found mainly on the lower limbs (61%) during the elimination rounds and during the first match of the day. The higher probability of injury was in the second round (56%), and during the first match of the day (72%). Nearly all the athletes were able to complete the game in which they were injured (83%). Comparing the average age of the athletes suffering an injury (23.6 ± 2.06 years) with their average years of training (8.4 ± 7.05 years) it can be noted that these athletes began this discipline rather late. The more is the training age and the weekly hours of training, the more are the numbers of matches completed, even as injured. Beginners with a low-level belt suffered more injuries than the experienced subjects did.

Conclusion The following risk factors for injury were found: starting to practice in late age, weekly training sessions with a few number of hours, male sex, low-level belt, elimination rounds, the first match of the day, and second round.

Level of Evidence Level III, observational analytic study without a control group.

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Most cited references 15

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Epidemiology of injuries in competition taekwondo: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Reidar P Lystad, Henry Pollard, Petra Graham (2009)

This paper aims to review and collate the epidemiological data of injuries in competition taekwondo as reported in the literature, make recommendations, and suggest further research. The electronic databases AMED, AusportMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to March 2008. Fourteen prospective cohort studies reporting the incidence of injuries in taekwondo were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed trial quality using the STROBE statement. Homogenous studies were combined in a pooled analysis using a Poisson random effects regression model. Poisson regression showed an overall mean injury rate of 79.3 per 1000 athlete-exposures (95% confidence interval 22.8, 275.4). Neither age, gender nor level of play were significant in the analysis. The most common injury location and type were found to be the lower limb and contusion, respectively, and were invariably associated with contact. Although taekwondo players are exposed to a substantial risk of sustaining injuries, the majority of injuries appeared to be of minimal severity. Modifications to the competition rules and protective equipment may be warranted. Future studies should adhere to recommended operational definitions, utilise a standardised injury classification system, and report injury rates using multiple denominators in order to facilitate inter- and cross-sport comparisons.

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Competition injuries in taekwondo: a literature review and suggestions for prevention and surveillance.

Ursula O'Sullivan, Gabriel Paul Fife, Willy Pieter (2012)

To review competition injuries in taekwondo and use this information to develop recommendations to reduce the number and severity of injuries in taekwondo competition. The available literature was searched for prospective studies on taekwondo injuries in adult athletes. An injury was defined as any circumstance for which the athlete sought the assistance of the on-site medical personnel. Injury rates were expressed per athlete-exposures (A-E) and 95% CIs calculated. Total injury rates for elite men varied from 20.6/1000 A-E (95% CI 11.8 to 29.3) to 139.5/1000 A-E (95% CI 94.0 to 185.1). For elite women, the rates varied from 25.3/1000 A-E (95% CI 3.1 to 47.4) to 105.5/1000 A-E (95% CI 89.8 to 121.1). About one-third of all injuries (29.6%) in the men were to the head and neck region, while almost half of the injuries (44.5%) were to the lower extremities. In women, 15.2% of injuries were to the head and neck and 53.1% to the lower extremities. The vast majority of all injuries were contusions (42.7% in the men and 62.7% in the women). Point estimates of rates of head injuries and concussions were found to be higher in taekwondo than in other contact sports such as football (soccer) and American gridiron football. Time-loss injury rates in the men varied from 6.9/1000 A-E (95% CI 1.8 to 11.9) to 33.6/1000 A-E (95% CI 18.9 to 48.3). In the women, they varied from 2.4/1000 A-E (95% CI 2.3 to 7.2) to 23.0/1000 A-E (95% CI 15.7 to 30.4). The turning kick was most often involved in causing injury: 56.9% of all injuries in the men and 49.8% in the women. Lack of blocking skills was identified as one of the main injury mechanisms. Rule changes should be considered and it is recommended that governing bodies employ qualified medical personnel. Establishing an ongoing injury surveillance system in taekwondo should be the first priority.

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Pre-competition habits and injuries in Taekwondo athletes

Mohsen Kazemi-Moghaddam, Heather Shearer, Young Su Choung (2005)

Background Over the past decade, there has been heightened interest in injury rates sustained by martial arts athletes, and more specifically, Taekwondo athletes. Despite this interest, there is a paucity of research on pre-competition habits and training of these athletes. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess training characteristics, competition preparation habits, and injury profiles of Taekwondo athletes. Methods A retrospective survey of Canadian male and female Taekwondo athletes competing in a national tournament was conducted. Competitors at a Canadian national level tournament were given a comprehensive survey prior to competition. Items on training characteristics, diet, and injuries sustained during training and competition were included. Questionnaires were distributed to 60 athletes. Results A response rate of 46.7% was achieved. Of those that responded, 54% dieted prior to competition, and 36% dieted and exercised pre-competition. Sixty-four percent of the athletes practised between 4–6 times per week, with 54% practicing 2 hours per session. Lower limb injuries were the most common (46.5%), followed by upper extremity (18%), back (10%), and head (3.6%). The majority of injuries consisted of sprains/strains (45%), followed by contusions, fractures, and concussions. More injuries occurred during training, including 59% of first injuries. Conclusion More research needs to be conducted to further illustrate the need for appropriate regulations on weight cycling and injury prevention.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Joints

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Joints

Journal ID (doi): 10.1055/s-00033766

Title: Joints

Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG (Stuttgart · New York )

ISSN (Electronic): 2512-9090

Publication date Collection: September 2017

Publication date (Electronic): 04 August 2017

Volume: 5

Issue: 3

Pages: 168-172

Affiliations

[1 ]University Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy

[2 ]Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Milan, Milan, Italy

[3 ]Orthopaedic Clinic, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

Author notes

Address for correspondence Mattia Fortina, MD University Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Hospital of Siena viale Mario Bracci n.16, Siena 53100Italy mattiafortina@ 123456me.com

Article

Publisher ID: 1603283

DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1605390

PMC ID: 5738476

SO-VID: e1598e06-c3ba-4816-a4e5-96a0d7038040

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

Analysis of Injuries and Risk Factors in Taekwondo during the 2014 Italian University Championship

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Most cited references 15

Epidemiology of injuries in competition taekwondo: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Competition injuries in taekwondo: a literature review and suggestions for prevention and surveillance.

Pre-competition habits and injuries in Taekwondo athletes

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