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      Enhancement of immune cytokines and splenic CD4+ T cells by electroacupuncture at ST36 acupoint of SD rats

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          Abstract

          Electroacupuncture at the ST36 acupoint can enhance the body’s immune function. However, the mechanism for this enhancement has not been fully described. Our study was designed to investigate the effect of electroacupuncture on the immune function of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The rats were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, a non-acupoint group (abdominal muscle acupuntured) and a ST36 acupoint group. Our results showed that successive electroacupuncture at the ST36 acupoint for 3 d significantly enhanced the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) level in the serum of SD rats. The results also showed that the serum and extracts from spleen cells of the ST36 acupoint group contained higher levels of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-17 compared to those of the other two groups. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that electroacupuncture applied to the ST36 acupoint enhanced the expression level of CD4 in spleen cells. Furthermore, it was observed that CD4 co-localized with transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels at the membrane of splenic CD4+ T cells and the expression level of CD4 was related to TRPV channels in the electroacupuncture treatment. These observations indicated that electroacupuncture stimulation at the ST36 acupoint enhanced the level of immune cytokines and splenic CD4+ T cells through TRPV channels in this system.

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          Most cited references26

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          Calcium signaling in immune cells.

          Calcium acts as a second messenger in many cell types, including lymphocytes. Resting lymphocytes maintain a low concentration of Ca2+. However, engagement of antigen receptors induces calcium influx from the extracellular space by several routes. A chief mechanism of Ca2+ entry in lymphocytes is through store-operated calcium (SOC) channels. The identification of two important molecular components of SOC channels, CRACM1 (the pore-forming subunit) and STIM1 (the sensor of stored calcium), has allowed genetic and molecular manipulation of the SOC entry pathway. In this review, we highlight advances in the understanding of Ca2+ signaling in lymphocytes with special emphasis on SOC entry. We also discuss outstanding questions and probable future directions of the field.
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            Mechanical signaling through connective tissue: a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture.

            The mechanism of action of acupuncture remains largely unknown. The reaction to acupuncture needling known as 'de qi', widely viewed as essential to the therapeutic effect of acupuncture, may be a key to understanding its mechanism of action. De qi includes a characteristic needling sensation, perceived by the patient, and 'needle grasp' perceived by the acupuncturist. During needle grasp, the acupuncturist feels pulling and increased resistance to further movement of the inserted needle. We hypothesize that 1) needle grasp is due to mechanical coupling between the needle and connective tissue with winding of tissue around the needle during needle rotation and 2) needle manipulation transmits a mechanical signal to connective tissue cells via mechanotransduction. Such a mechanism may explain local and remote, as well as long-term effects of acupuncture.
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              Biology and clinical relevance of human natural killer cells.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                13 April 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 4
                : e0175568
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
                [2 ]Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
                [3 ]Department of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
                University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: LYC NNY ZBC.

                • Data curation: LYC.

                • Formal analysis: LYC NNY.

                • Funding acquisition: ZBC.

                • Investigation: LYC ALX ZGW.

                • Methodology: LYC ALX NNY MZ TC.

                • Resources: LYC ZBC.

                • Software: LYC.

                • Supervision: ZBC.

                • Validation: ALX YSG.

                • Visualization: LYC.

                • Writing – original draft: LYC.

                • Writing – review & editing: LYC ALX.

                Article
                PONE-D-16-35386
                10.1371/journal.pone.0175568
                5391063
                28406959
                e183ef39-a9ef-4161-b5c4-f41ac334ebef
                © 2017 Chen et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 2 October 2016
                : 28 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 0, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: Health and Family Planning Commission of Hubei Province
                Award ID: 2013Z-Z01
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Hubei Provincial Departmen of Education
                Award ID: no.B2016112
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by grants from the Health and Family Planning Commission of Hubei Province (no. 2013Z-Z01) and Hubei Provincial Department of Education (no. B2016112). The funders’ websites are http://www.hbwsjs.gov.cn/ and http://www.hbe.gov.cn/. Zebin Chen received the funding. He had a role in the study design.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Blood Cells
                White Blood Cells
                T Cells
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Immune Cells
                White Blood Cells
                T Cells
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune Cells
                White Blood Cells
                T Cells
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune Cells
                White Blood Cells
                T Cells
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Immune Physiology
                Spleen
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Immune Physiology
                Spleen
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Surgical and Invasive Medical Procedures
                Functional Electrical Stimulation
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Immunologic Techniques
                Immunoassays
                Enzyme-Linked Immunoassays
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Immune Physiology
                Cytokines
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Immune Physiology
                Cytokines
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune System
                Innate Immune System
                Cytokines
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune System
                Innate Immune System
                Cytokines
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Molecular Development
                Cytokines
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune System
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune System
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Cell Differentiation
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Histochemistry and Cytochemistry Techniques
                Immunohistochemistry Techniques
                Immunohistochemical Analysis
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Immunologic Techniques
                Immunohistochemistry Techniques
                Immunohistochemical Analysis
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