Steps toward community health promotion: Application of transtheoretical model to predict stage transition regarding smoking

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Recently, the Iranian Ministry of Health estimated about 750,000 deaths are attributed smoking complications. The aim of this study was to apply the transtheoretical model (TTM) on general population of Mashhad city to evaluate the stages of change and possible cultural factors regarding smoking cessation.

METHODS:

This descriptive, cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in Mashhad, Iran. A total number of 562 participants selected by multistage sampling. They were asked about stages of change for smoking cessation for both hookah and cigarette smoking. Stages of change refer to an orderly sequence of changes in smoking behavior that people progress through according to the TTM. Its six stages are as follows: precontemplation (PC) (no intention to quit smoking within 6 months), contemplation (planning to quit smoking in the following 6 months), preparation (planning to stop smoking within 1 month), action (quit smoking for <6 months), maintenance (stopped smoking for 6 months or more), and termination (will never smoke again). Data were analyzed using tests such as Chi-square, Kruskal–Wallis, and logistic regression by SPSS 11.5.

RESULTS:

About 18% and 19% of people in this study were regular hookah and cigarette smokers, respectively. There was significant difference between cigarette smoking and sex ( P < 0.001) and marital status ( P = 0.01). There was a statistically significant difference between stages of change in men and women from the point of cigarette smoking ( P < 0.001). Male sex, hookah smoking, and alcohol abuse were predictors of PC, and age was the only predictor of termination stage for cigarette smoking. Sex did not have any role in hookah smoking.

CONCLUSION:

Targeted education based on gender and marital status warrant attention. Community-wide education and interventions such as increasing the price of cigarettes are desired.

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Most cited references 49

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The global epidemiology of waterpipe smoking

Wasim Maziak, Ziyad Taleb, Raed Bahelah … (2014)

Objectives In the past decade, waterpipe smoking (a.k.a. hookah, shisha, narghile) has become a global phenomenon. In this review, we provide an updated picture of the main epidemiological trends in waterpipe smoking globally. Data sources Peer-reviewed publications indexed in major biomedical databases between 2004 and 2014. Search keywords included a combination of: waterpipe, hookah, shisha along with epidemiology, patterns, prevalence and predictors. We also used different spellings of waterpipe terms commonly used. Study selection The focus was on studies with large representative samples, national data or high-quality reports that illuminated aspects of the epidemiology and trends in waterpipe smoking. Data extraction Multiple researchers extracted the data independently and collectively decided on the most important and pertinent studies to include in the review. Data synthesis Waterpipe smoking has become a global phenomenon among youth. The global waterpipe epidemic is likely driven by (1) the introduction of manufactured flavoured tobacco (Maassel); (2) the intersection between waterpipe's social dimension and thriving café culture; (3) the evolution of mass communication media; (4) the lack of regulatory/policy framework specific to the waterpipe. Waterpipe smoking is becoming the most popular tobacco use method among youth in the Middle East, and is quickly gaining popularity elsewhere. Important patterns of waterpipe smoking include the predominance among younger, male, high socioeconomic, and urban groups. Intermittent and social use are also noted patterns. Conclusions Waterpipe smoking has become a global public health problem. Developing surveillance, intervention and regulatory/policy frameworks specific to the waterpipe has become a public health priority.

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Smoking and smokeless tobacco use in nine South and Southeast Asian countries: prevalence estimates and social determinants from Demographic and Health Surveys

Chandrashekhar Sreeramareddy, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Imtiyaz Ali Mir … (2014)

Background In South and Southeast Asian countries, tobacco is consumed in diverse forms, and smoking among women is very low. We aimed to provide national estimates of prevalence and social determinants of smoking and smokeless tobacco use among men and women separately. Methods Data from Demographic and Health Surveys completed in nine countries (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, Philippines, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Timor Leste) were analyzed. Current smoking or smokeless tobacco use was assessed as response “yes” to one or more of three questions, such as “Do you currently smoke cigarettes?” Weighted country-level prevalence rates for socio-economic subgroups were calculated for smoking and smokeless tobacco use. Binary logistic regression analyses were done on STATA/IC (version 10) by ‘svy’ command. Results Prevalence and type of tobacco use among men and women varied across the countries and among socio-economic sub groups. Smoking prevalence was much lower in women than men in all countries. Smoking among men was very high in Indonesia, Maldives, and Bangladesh. Smokeless tobacco (mainly chewable) was used in diverse forms, particularly in India, among both men and women. Chewing tobacco was common in Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, and Cambodia. Both smoking and smokeless tobacco use were associated with higher age, lower education, and poverty, but their association with place of residence and marital status was not uniform between men and women across the countries. Conclusion Policymakers should consider type of tobacco consumption and their differentials among various population subgroups to implement country-specific tobacco control policies and target the vulnerable groups. Smokeless tobacco use should also be prioritized in tobacco control efforts.

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Epidemiology of deaths from injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

M Akbari, M Naghavi, H Soori (2015)

A 1-year study of fatal injuries was carried out in 10 provinces of the Islamic Republic of Iran based on a population of 16 740 637 in 2000-01. All reported deaths were compared and validated with other sources of death registration. Out of 66 846 deaths, 9733 (58/100 000) resulted from injuries. Overall, 14.9% of all deaths with 26.9% of years of lost life were from injuries. Most fatal injuries were unintentional (48.0/100 000). Deaths from traffic injuries (30.0/100 000) are the highest in the world. Of 1693 intentional fatal injuries, 61% were due to suicide, at a mean age of 29 years.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Educ Health Promot

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Educ Health Promot

Journal ID (publisher-id): JEHP

Title: Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )

ISSN (Print): 2277-9531

ISSN (Electronic): 2319-6440

Publication date Collection: 2020

Publication date (Electronic): 28 July 2020

Volume: 9

Electronic Location Identifier: 177

Affiliations

[1] Clinical Research Development Unit, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

[1 ] Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Author notes

Address for correspondence: Dr. Veda Vakili, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail: vakiliv@ 123456mums.ac.ir

Article

Publisher ID: JEHP-9-177

DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_719_19

PMC ID: 7482633

SO-VID: e1882edf-2662-4fce-bf1d-617c71a58512

License:

This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Steps toward community health promotion: Application of transtheoretical model to predict stage transition regarding smoking

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Abstract

BACKGROUND:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:

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Tobacco Prevention & Cessation

Most cited references 49

The global epidemiology of waterpipe smoking

Smoking and smokeless tobacco use in nine South and Southeast Asian countries: prevalence estimates and social determinants from Demographic and Health Surveys

Epidemiology of deaths from injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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