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      Usefulness of the second heart sound for predicting pulmonary hypertension in patients with interstitial lung disease : Utilidade da segunda bulha cardíaca na predição de hipertensão pulmonar em portadores de doenças intersticiais pulmonares

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          ABSTRACT

          CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:

          P 2 hyperphonesis is considered to be a valuable finding in semiological diagnoses of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The aim here was to evaluate the accuracy of the pulmonary component of second heart sounds for predicting PH in patients with interstitial lung disease.

          DESIGN AND SETTING:

          Cross-sectional study at the University of Brasilia and Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal.

          METHODS:

          Heart sounds were acquired using an electronic stethoscope and were analyzed using phonocardiography. Clinical signs suggestive of PH, such as second heart sound (S 2) in pulmonary area louder than in aortic area; P 2 > A 2 in pulmonary area and P 2 present in mitral area, were compared with Doppler echocardiographic parameters suggestive of PH. Sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp) and positive (LR+) and negative (LR-) likelihood ratios were evaluated.

          RESULTS:

          There was no significant correlation between S 2 or P 2 amplitude and PASP (pulmonary artery systolic pressure) (P = 0.185 and 0.115; P= 0.13 and 0.34, respectively). Higher S 2 in pulmonary area than in aortic area, compared with all the criteria suggestive of PH, showed S = 60%, Sp= 22%; LR+ = 0.7; LR- = 1.7; while P 2> A 2 showed S= 57%, Sp = 39%; LR+ = 0.9; LR- = 1.1; and P 2 in mitral area showed: S= 68%, Sp = 41%; LR+ = 1.1; LR- = 0.7. All these signals together showed: S= 50%, Sp = 56%.

          CONCLUSIONS:

          The semiological signs indicative of PH presented low sensitivity and specificity levels for clinically diagnosing this comorbidity.

          RESUMO

          CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO:

          Hiperfonese de P 2 tem sido considerada como achado valoroso no diagnóstico semiológico de hipertensão pulmonar (HP). O objetivo foi de avaliar a acurácia do componente pulmonar da segunda bulha cardíaca em predizer HP nos pacientes portadores de doenças intersticiais pulmonares.

          TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL:

          Estudo transversal na Universidade de Brasília e Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal.

          MÉTODOS:

          Os sons cardíacos foram adquiridos com estetoscópio eletrônico e analisados por fonocardiografia. Os sinais clínicos sugestivos de HP, como B 2 mais intensamente audível em área pulmonar que aórtica, P 2 > A 2 na área pulmonar e P 2 presente em área mitral foram confrontados com parâmetros cardiográficos no exame de Doppler sugestivos de HP. Sensibilidade (S), especificidade (E), razões de verossimilhança positiva (RV+) e negativa (RV-) foram avaliados.

          RESULTADOS:

          Não houve correlação significativa entre amplitude de B 2 e P 2 e a PSAP (pressão sistólica arterial pulmonar) (P = 0,185 e 0,115; P = 0,13 e 0,34; respectivamente). A análise da presença de B 2 mais intensa na área pulmonar que aórtica, quando comparada a todos os critérios sugestivos de HP, mostrou S = 60%; E = 22%; RV+ = 0,7; RV- = 1,7; enquanto P 2 > A 2 mostrou: S = 57%; E = 39%; RV+ = 0,9; RV- = 1,1; e P 2 no foco mitral mostrou: S = 68%; E = 41%; RV+ = 1,1; RV- = 0,7. Todos os sinais juntos mostraram S = 50%; E = 56%.

          CONCLUSÃO:

          Os sinais semiológicos indicativos de HP apresentam baixos valores de especificidade e sensibilidade para diagnóstico clínico dessa comorbidade.

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          Most cited references62

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          G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences

          G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions. It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical tests of the t, F, and chi2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses for z tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors, G*Power 3 is free.
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            Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography.

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              Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                São Paulo Medical Journal
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                19 January 2016
                2016
                : 134
                : 1
                : 34-39
                Affiliations
                [I ] originalMD, MSc. Cardiologist, Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (HBDF), Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.
                [II ] originalMD. Resident in General Surgery, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.
                [III ] originalMD, MSc, PhD. Professor, School of Medicine, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Sandra de Barros Cobra Negreiros. SQSW 305 - Bloco G - apto 609, Setor Sudoeste - Brasília (DF) - Brasil. CEP 70673-427. Cel. (+5561) 9972-1013. Tel. (+55 61)3361-7744. E-mail: sandrab.cobra@ 123456gmail.com

                Conflict of interest: None

                Article
                10.1590/1516-3180.2015.00701207
                10496576
                26786609
                e27ff04f-c6b0-42ff-a5e8-25f558e9e9da

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license.

                History
                : 12 April 2015
                : 07 June 2015
                : 12 July 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 06
                Categories
                Original Article

                hypertension, pulmonary,lung diseases, interstitial,heart auscultation,echocardiography,phonocardiography

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