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      Public’s Willingness to Perform COVID-19 Self-Testing During the Transition to the Endemic Phase in Malaysia – A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Malaysia entered the transition to the endemic phase of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) on 1st April 2022. This study aims to determine the public’s willingness to perform COVID-19 self-testing. Factors that influenced their willingness were also assessed.

          Methods

          A nationwide, cross-sectional, and population-based study was conducted online in Malaysia from 28th April 2023 to 4th June 2023. Individuals aged 18 years and above were enrolled through the snowball sampling method. Data were analyzed by using the Chi-Square test, independent t-test, and binary logistic regression.

          Results

          One thousand four hundred fifty-three responses were included in the analysis. Of these respondents, 89.3% were willing, 4.1% were reluctant, and 6.6% remained hesitant to perform COVID-19 self-testing, The common reasons given by those willing to perform COVID-19 self-testing included being able to self-isolate (99.0%) and seek treatment (96.3%) earlier if tested positive. The common reasons against COVID-19 self-testing included the belief that COVID-19 is equivalent to the common flu (91.7%) and having received the COVID-19 vaccine (78.3%). The isolation policy for COVID-19 was the most significant consideration for those who were still hesitant (85.4%). Women [adjusted odds ratios (OR): 2.1, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 1.44–3.00, p < 0.001], individuals with tertiary education (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.32–3.26, p = 0.002), those vaccinated against COVID-19 (OR: 8.1, 95% CI: 2.63–24.82, p < 0.001), and individuals with prior experience of COVID-19 self-testing (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 2.84–6.12, p < 0.001) showed a significantly higher willingness to engage in COVID-19 self-testing.

          Conclusion

          The public exhibited a high willingness to perform COVID-19 self-testing during the transition to the endemic phase in Malaysia. Future strategies to promote COVID-19 self-testing uptake in Malaysia should focus on vulnerable groups, address the common concerns among those hesitant and reluctant, and highlight the advantages of COVID-19 self-testing.

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          How to Calculate Sample Size for Different Study Designs in Medical Research?

          Jaykaran Charan, Tamoghna Biswas (2013)
          Calculation of exact sample size is an important part of research design. It is very important to understand that different study design need different method of sample size calculation and one formula cannot be used in all designs. In this short review we tried to educate researcher regarding various method of sample size calculation available for different study designs. In this review sample size calculation for most frequently used study designs are mentioned. For genetic and microbiological studies readers are requested to read other sources.
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            Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations

            Hannah E. Davis, Lisa McCorkell, Julia Moore Vogel … (2023)
            Long COVID is an often debilitating illness that occurs in at least 10% of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. More than 200 symptoms have been identified with impacts on multiple organ systems. At least 65 million individuals worldwide are estimated to have long COVID, with cases increasing daily. Biomedical research has made substantial progress in identifying various pathophysiological changes and risk factors and in characterizing the illness; further, similarities with other viral-onset illnesses such as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome have laid the groundwork for research in the field. In this Review, we explore the current literature and highlight key findings, the overlap with other conditions, the variable onset of symptoms, long COVID in children and the impact of vaccinations. Although these key findings are critical to understanding long COVID, current diagnostic and treatment options are insufficient, and clinical trials must be prioritized that address leading hypotheses. Additionally, to strengthen long COVID research, future studies must account for biases and SARS-CoV-2 testing issues, build on viral-onset research, be inclusive of marginalized populations and meaningfully engage patients throughout the research process. Long COVID is an often debilitating illness of severe symptoms that can develop during or following COVID-19. In this Review, Davis, McCorkell, Vogel and Topol explore our knowledge of long COVID and highlight key findings, including potential mechanisms, the overlap with other conditions and potential treatments. They also discuss challenges and recommendations for long COVID research and care.
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              Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study

              Oliver J Watson, Gregory Barnsley, Jaspreet Toor … (2022)
              Background The first COVID-19 vaccine outside a clinical trial setting was administered on Dec 8, 2020. To ensure global vaccine equity, vaccine targets were set by the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) Facility and WHO. However, due to vaccine shortfalls, these targets were not achieved by the end of 2021. We aimed to quantify the global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination programmes. Methods A mathematical model of COVID-19 transmission and vaccination was separately fit to reported COVID-19 mortality and all-cause excess mortality in 185 countries and territories. The impact of COVID-19 vaccination programmes was determined by estimating the additional lives lost if no vaccines had been distributed. We also estimated the additional deaths that would have been averted had the vaccination coverage targets of 20% set by COVAX and 40% set by WHO been achieved by the end of 2021. Findings Based on official reported COVID-19 deaths, we estimated that vaccinations prevented 14·4 million (95% credible interval [Crl] 13·7–15·9) deaths from COVID-19 in 185 countries and territories between Dec 8, 2020, and Dec 8, 2021. This estimate rose to 19·8 million (95% Crl 19·1–20·4) deaths from COVID-19 averted when we used excess deaths as an estimate of the true extent of the pandemic, representing a global reduction of 63% in total deaths (19·8 million of 31·4 million) during the first year of COVID-19 vaccination. In COVAX Advance Market Commitment countries, we estimated that 41% of excess mortality (7·4 million [95% Crl 6·8–7·7] of 17·9 million deaths) was averted. In low-income countries, we estimated that an additional 45% (95% CrI 42–49) of deaths could have been averted had the 20% vaccination coverage target set by COVAX been met by each country, and that an additional 111% (105–118) of deaths could have been averted had the 40% target set by WHO been met by each country by the end of 2021. Interpretation COVID-19 vaccination has substantially altered the course of the pandemic, saving tens of millions of lives globally. However, inadequate access to vaccines in low-income countries has limited the impact in these settings, reinforcing the need for global vaccine equity and coverage. Funding Schmidt Science Fellowship in partnership with the Rhodes Trust; WHO; UK Medical Research Council; Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; National Institute for Health Research; and Community Jameel.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Risk Manag Healthc Policy
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Risk Manag Healthc Policy
                Journal ID (publisher-id): rmhp
                Title: Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 1179-1594
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 November 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 16
                Pages: 2505-2519
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Malaysia Sarawak , Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
                [2 ]Department of Emergency and Trauma, Sarawak General Hospital , Kuching, Malaysia
                [3 ]Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                [4 ]Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II , Kota Bharu, Malaysia
                [5 ]Membakut Health Clinic, Ministry of Health , Beaufort, Malaysia
                [6 ]Telupid Health Clinic, Ministry of Health , Beluran, Malaysia
                [7 ]Department of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Hospital , Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
                [8 ]Palliative Care Unit, Subang Jaya Medical Center , Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Chee-Shee Chai, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Malaysia Sarawak , Kota Samarahan, Malaysia, Tel +6019-8188265, Email cschai@unimas.my
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0009-0002-5873-6814
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0649-0739
                Article
                Publisher ID: 439530
                DOI: 10.2147/RMHP.S439530
                PMC ID: 10676112
                SO-VID: e2965623-7c6e-4ac3-8045-efd8775c775a
                Copyright © © 2023 Ng et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 09 September 2023
                Date accepted : 16 November 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, References: 50, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: Access funding provided by the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Otherwise, this study did not receive funding from any other sources;
                Open Access funding provided by the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Otherwise, this study did not receive funding from any other sources.
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Social policy & Welfare
                Keywords: covid-19,self-testing,endemic,willingness,hesitant,malaysia
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Social policy & Welfare
                Keywords: covid-19, self-testing, endemic, willingness, hesitant, malaysia

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