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      Taste Modulator Influences Rare Case of Color-Gustatory Synesthesia

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      Author(s): 1 , * , 2
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Brain Sciences
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: color-gustatory synesthesia, taste, taste modulator, synesthesia

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          Abstract

          We investigated the effect of a sweetness blocker on the synesthetic taste experience of a rare color-gustatory synesthete, E.C., for whom specific colors elicit unique tastes. Blocking E.C.’s sweetness receptors while the tongue was otherwise unstimulated left other taste components of the synesthesia unaltered but initially reduced her synesthetic sweetness, which suggests a peripheral modulation of the synesthetic illusion.

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          Most cited references19

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          Mechanisms of synesthesia: cognitive and physiological constraints.

          Peter G. Grossenbacher, Christopher T Lovelace (2001)
          Synesthesia is a conscious experience of systematically induced sensory attributes that are not experienced by most people under comparable conditions. Recent findings from cognitive psychology, functional brain imaging and electrophysiology have shed considerable light on the nature of synesthesia and its neurocognitive underpinnings. These cognitive and physiological findings are discussed with respect to a neuroanatomical framework comprising hierarchically organized cortical sensory pathways. We advance a neurobiological theory of synesthesia that fits within this neuroanatomical framework.
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            Lexical-gustatory synaesthesia: linguistic and conceptual factors.

            Jamie Ward, Julia Simner (2003)
            This study documents an unusual case of developmental synaesthesia, in which speech sounds induce an involuntary sensation of taste that is subjectively located in the mouth. JIW shows a highly structured, non-random relationship between particular combinations of phonemes (rather than graphemes) and the resultant taste, and this is influenced by a number of fine-grained phonemic properties (e.g. allophony, phoneme ordering). The synaesthesia is not found for environmental sounds. The synaesthesia, in its current form, is likely to have originated during vocabulary acquisition, since it is guided by learned linguistic and conceptual knowledge. The phonemes that trigger a given taste tend to also appear in the name of the corresponding foodstuff (e.g. /I/, /n/ and /s/ can trigger a taste of mince /mIns/) and there is often a semantic association between the triggering word and taste (e.g. the word blue tastes "inky"). The results suggest that synaesthesia does not simply reflect innate connections from one perceptual system to another, but that it can be mediated and/or influenced by a symbolic/conceptual level of representation.
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              Searching for Shereshevskii: what is superior about the memory of synaesthetes?

              Caroline Yaro, Jamie Ward (2007)
              Some individuals with superior memory, such as the mnemonist Shereshevskii (Luria, 1968), are known to have synaesthesia. However, the extent to which superior memory is a general characteristic of synaesthesia is unknown, as is the precise cognitive mechanism by which synaesthesia affects memory. This study demonstrates that synaesthetes tend to report subjectively better than average memory and that these reports are borne out with objective testing. Synaesthetes experiencing colours for words show better memory than matched controls for stimuli that induce synaesthesia (word lists) relative to stimuli that do not (an abstract figure). However, memory advantages are not limited to material that elicits synaesthesia because synaesthetes demonstrate enhanced memory for colour per se (which does not induce a synaesthetic response). Our results suggest that the memory enhancement found in synaesthetes is related to an enhanced retention of colour in both synaesthetic and nonsynaesthetic situations. Furthermore, this may account for the fact that synaesthetic associations, once formed, remain highly consistent.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Brain Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Brain Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): brainsci
                Title: Brain Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-3425
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 July 2019
                Publication date Collection: August 2019
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 186
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychology, Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, PA 17022, USA
                [2 ]Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: lemleyce@ 123456etown.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: brainsci-09-00186
                DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9080186
                PMC ID: 6721341
                PubMed ID: 31370186
                SO-VID: e2f351b9-e21b-473e-af25-8fc489f93854
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 03 July 2019
                Date accepted : 30 July 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: color-gustatory synesthesia,taste,taste modulator,synesthesia
                Data availability:
                Keywords: color-gustatory synesthesia, taste, taste modulator, synesthesia

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