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      Evaluation of contrast nephropathy in percutaneous treatment of chronic total occlusions

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          Abstract

          Background

          Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Chronic total occlusions (CTO) are frequently observed among patients undergoing coronary angiography.

          Methods

          A total of 128 CTO patients were included. Mehran score, lesion characteristics, interventional procedure, serological specimens and devices were recorded. The first group was administered with 1 ml · kg −1 · h −1 saline (0.9% NaCl) infusion that started 12 h before the procedure and continued 12 h post procedure as recommended by the guidelines. The second group was administered with saline infusion of 12 ml · kg −1 · h −1 only during CTO-PCI procedure, which is called as intensive infusion.

          Results

          CIN development was similar in two groups (four patients in standard hydration group and five patients in intensive hydration group). The amount of saline was significantly higher in the standard group (1,767 ± 192.2 vs. 1,043.6 ± 375; p < 0.001). Patients with higher creatinine levels prior to PCI had a higher rate of CIN development after procedure. Interestingly, age, left ventricular ejection fraction, and diabetes mellitus independently predicted CIN.

          Conclusion

          Intensive hydration administration appears to be an effective and cost-effective method in CTO-PCI patients, especially in patients without left ventricular function failure.

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          Most cited references33

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          A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and initial validation.

          We sought to develop a simple risk score of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Although several risk factors for CIN have been identified, the cumulative risk rendered by their combination is unknown. A total of 8,357 patients were randomly assigned to a development and a validation dataset. The baseline clinical and procedural characteristics of the 5,571 patients in the development dataset were considered as candidate univariate predictors of CIN (increase >or=25% and/or >or=0.5 mg/dl in serum creatinine at 48 h after PCI vs. baseline). Multivariate logistic regression was then used to identify independent predictors of CIN with a p value 75 years, anemia, and volume of contrast) were assigned a weighted integer; the sum of the integers was a total risk score for each patient. The overall occurrence of CIN in the development set was 13.1% (range 7.5% to 57.3% for a low [ or=16] risk score, respectively); the rate of CIN increased exponentially with increasing risk score (Cochran Armitage chi-square, p < 0.0001). In the 2,786 patients of the validation dataset, the model demonstrated good discriminative power (c statistic = 0.67); the increasing risk score was again strongly associated with CIN (range 8.4% to 55.9% for a low and high risk score, respectively). The risk of CIN after PCI can be simply assessed using readily available information. This risk score can be used for both clinical and investigational purposes.
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            Incidence and prognostic importance of acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary intervention.

            In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the modern era, the incidence and prognostic implications of acute renal failure (ARF) are unknown. With a retrospective analysis of the Mayo Clinic PCI registry, we determined the incidence of, risk factors for, and prognostic implications of ARF (defined as an increase in serum creatinine [Cr] >0.5 mg/dL from baseline) after PCI. Of 7586 patients, 254 (3.3%) experienced ARF. Among patients with baseline Cr 2.0, all had a significant risk of ARF. In multivariate analysis, ARF was associated with baseline serum Cr, acute myocardial infarction, shock, and volume of contrast medium administered. Twenty-two percent of patients with ARF died during the index hospitalization compared with only 1.4% of patients without ARF (P 2.0 are at high risk for ARF. ARF was highly correlated with death during the index hospitalization and after dismissal.
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              Contrast-induced nephropathy: definition, epidemiology, and patients at risk.

              Radiological procedures utilizing intravascular iodinated contrast media injections are being widely applied for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This has resulted in an increasing incidence of procedure-related contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). The definition of CIN includes absolute (> or = 0.5 mg/dl) or relative increase (> or = 25%) in serum creatinine at 48-72 h after exposure to a contrast agent compared to baseline serum creatinine values, when alternative explanations for renal impairment have been excluded. Although the risk of renal function impairment associated with radiological procedures is low (0.6-2.3%) in the general population, it may be very high in selected patient subsets (up to 20%), especially in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease. This review provides information on the known risk factors for the development of CIN, and completes with describing user-friendly CIN risk score based on the readily available information.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Interv Med Appl Sci
                Interv Med Appl Sci
                imas
                IMAS
                Interventional Medicine & Applied Science
                Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                2061-1617
                2061-5094
                02 July 2019
                June 2019
                : 11
                : 2
                : 95-100
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Adiyaman University , Adiyaman, Turkey
                [2 ]Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Inönü University , Malatya, Turkey
                [3 ]Department of Cardiology, Malatya Training and Research Hospital , Malatya, Turkey
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Lütfü Aşkın, MD; Department of Cardiology, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman 02000, Turkey; Phone: +90 531 520 3486; Fax: +90 4161015; E-mail: lutfuaskin23@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                10.1556/1646.11.2019.15
                7044539
                32148912
                e32c6a5a-8d2f-4341-8e05-dddf22427600
                © 2019 The Author(s)

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated.

                History
                : 18 March 2019
                : 03 April 2019
                : 24 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 19
                Funding
                Funding sources: The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to publish the results.
                Categories
                Original Paper

                chronic total occlusions,contrast-induced nephropathy,hydration,percutaneous coronary intervention,saline infusion

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