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      Survival Time to Modern Contraceptive Uses from the Resumption of Sexual Intercourse Among Postpartum Women in Ethiopia

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          Abstract

          Background

          The timing of contraceptive use is important for a woman who intends to avoid pregnancy during the postpartum period and it has key implications for reproductive health outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the time it takes to start modern contraceptive uses from the resumption of sexual intercourse among postpartum women in Ethiopia and to identify its predictors.

          Methods

          A cross-sectional study using the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) was applied. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 20. Kaplan–Meier estimates were performed to explain time-to- modern contraceptive use. Cox-proportional hazard regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors. The adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) with a 95% confidence interval was considered to declare a statistically significant association.

          Results

          The total weighted sample comprised 1178 women. The median survival time to modern contraceptive use after birth was 4 months. In this study, the risk of modern contraceptive use was 1.29 times (AHR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.04–1.61) higher among urban resident, 1.26 times (AHR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.09–1.47) higher among women’s attended primary education and 1.19 times (AHR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.02–1.38) higher among women’s accessed media. But, the risk of modern contraceptive use was lower among breastfeeding women by 17% (AHR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.74–0.95).

          Conclusion

          The median survival timing of modern contraceptive use from the resumption of sexual intercourse was four months. Women residing in urban area, who attended primary education and accessed to media shorten the time to use contraceptives after birth, whereas women breastfed their infant lengthen the time to use a modern contraceptive. Therefore, the health-care provider should enhance modern contraceptive use through health education and promotion to curb down the four months lag period identified by considering the spotted factors.

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          Women's autonomy, education and employment in Oman and their influence on contraceptive use.

          Asya Al-Riyami, Mustafa Afifi, R Mabry (2004)
          Since 1970 political and economic changes have brought about great improvements in health and education in Oman, and since 1994 the government has provided free contraceptives to all married couples in primary health care centres. Despite rapid socio-economic development, the fertility rate was 4.2 in 2001. The aim of this study was to define baseline data on ever-married women's empowerment in Oman from a national study in 2000, analyse the correlates of women's empowerment and the effect of empowerment on unmet need for contraception. Two indicators of empowerment were used: women's involvement in decision-making and freedom of movement. Bivariate analysis was used to link these measures and their proxies, education and employment status, with use of a family planning method. Education was a key indicator of women's status. Unmet contraceptive need for women exposed to pregnancy was nearly 25%, but decreased significantly with educational level and paid employment. While empowered women were more likely to use contraception, women's education was a better predictor of "met need" than autonomy, as traditional factors and community influence remain strong. For nearly half the 1,830 women in the study, the husband decided whether contraception was used. Fewer than 1% were using contraception before their first child as women are expected to have a child within the first year of marriage.
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            Prevalence and correlates of contraceptive use among female adolescents in Ghana

            Samuel H. Nyarko (2015)
            Background Adolescence is a critical stage in the life course and evidence suggests that even though contraceptive use has been steadily increasing among women in Ghana over the past years, contraceptive prevalence and determinants among female adolescents is quite lacking. This paper examines the prevalence and correlates of contraceptive use among female adolescents in Ghana. Methods The paper used data from the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health survey. Bivariate analysis was carried out to determine the contraceptive prevalence among female adolescents while logistic regression analysis was applied to examine the correlates of female adolescent contraceptive use. Results The study founded that female adolescent contraceptive use was significantly determined by age of adolescent, education, work status, knowledge of ovulatory cycle, visit of health facility and marital status. Conclusions This has implications for adolescent sexual and reproductive health programmes in Ghana. It is therefore essential to intensify girl child education and strengthen the provision of family planning information and services for female adolescents in the country.
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              Adolescent first births in East Africa: disaggregating characteristics, trends and determinants

              Sarah E Neal, Venkatraman Chandra-Mouli, Doris Chou (2015)
              Background The use of a single national figure fails to capture the complex patterns and inequalities in early childbearing that occur within countries, as well as the differing contexts in which these pregnancies occur. Further disaggregated data that examine patterns and trends for different groups are needed to enable programmes to be focused on those most at risk. This paper describes a comprehensive analysis of adolescent first births using disaggregated data from Demographic and Household surveys (DHS) for three East African countries: Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. Methods The study initially produces cross-sectional descriptive data on adolescent motherhood by age (under 16, 16–17 and 18–19 years), marital status, wealth, education, state or region, urban/rural residence and religion. Trends for two or more surveys over a period of 18–23 years are then analysed, and again disaggregated by age, wealth, urban/rural residence and marital status to ascertain which groups within the population have benefited most from reductions in adolescent first birth. In order to adjust for confounding factors we also use multinomial logistic regression to analyse the social and economic determinants of adolescent first birth, with outcomes again divided by age. Findings In all three countries, a significant proportion of women gave birth before age 16 (7%-12%). Both the bivariate analysis and logistic regression show that adolescent motherhood is strongly associated with poverty and lack of education/literacy, and this relationship is strongest among births within the youngest age group (<16 years). There are also marked differences by region, religion and urban/rural residence. Trends over time show there has been limited progress in reducing adolescent first births overall, with no reductions among the poorest. Conclusions Adolescent first births, particularly at the youngest ages, are most common among the poorest and least educated, and progress in reducing rates within this group has not been made over the last few decades. Disaggregating data allows such patterns to be understood, and enables efforts to be better directed where needed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Womens Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Womens Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijwh
                Journal ID (pmc): intjwh
                Title: International Journal of Women's Health
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 1179-1411
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 August 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 12
                Pages: 641-647
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Woldia University , Woldia, Ethiopia
                [2 ]Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science, Woldia University , Woldia, Ethiopia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Mohammed Ahmed Email mohaasrar12@gmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1567-1571
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8860-9846
                Article
                Publisher ID: 266748
                DOI: 10.2147/IJWH.S266748
                PMC ID: 7450523
                PubMed ID: 32922089
                SO-VID: e33c4a0f-dc17-4fe5-963f-7dbcc8364c60
                Copyright © © 2020 Ahmed and Seid.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 10 June 2020
                Date accepted : 04 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 5, References: 32, Pages: 7
                Funding
                There is no funding to report.
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Keywords: survival time,modern contraceptive,resumption,postpartum woman,ethiopia
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Keywords: survival time, modern contraceptive, resumption, postpartum woman, ethiopia

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