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      Role of Saliva and Salivary Diagnostics in the Advancement of Oral Health

      1 , 2
      Journal of Dental Research
      SAGE Publications

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          Abstract

          The objective of this article was to provide an account of some of the developments related to saliva over the first 100 years of the Journal of Dental Research and to outline some of the many biomarkers identified in saliva in the last few years. The first section covers findings in salivary physiology, biochemistry, calcium phosphate chemistry related to saliva, microbiology, and the role of saliva in maintaining oral health. The second section highlights salivary diagnostics, salivaomics, and saliva exosomics in the context of the emerging theme of personalized and precision medicine.

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          Most cited references64

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          EXPERIMENTAL GINGIVITIS IN MAN.

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            Noninvasive diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy by shotgun sequencing DNA from maternal blood.

            We directly sequenced cell-free DNA with high-throughput shotgun sequencing technology from plasma of pregnant women, obtaining, on average, 5 million sequence tags per patient sample. This enabled us to measure the over- and underrepresentation of chromosomes from an aneuploid fetus. The sequencing approach is polymorphism-independent and therefore universally applicable for the noninvasive detection of fetal aneuploidy. Using this method, we successfully identified all nine cases of trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), two cases of trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome), and one case of trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) in a cohort of 18 normal and aneuploid pregnancies; trisomy was detected at gestational ages as early as the 14th week. Direct sequencing also allowed us to study the characteristics of cell-free plasma DNA, and we found evidence that this DNA is enriched for sequences from nucleosomes.
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              Blood-based analyses of cancer: circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA.

              The ability to study nonhematologic cancers through noninvasive sampling of blood is one of the most exciting and rapidly advancing fields in cancer diagnostics. This has been driven both by major technologic advances, including the isolation of intact cancer cells and the analysis of cancer cell-derived DNA from blood samples, and by the increasing application of molecularly driven therapeutics, which rely on such accurate and timely measurements of critical biomarkers. Moreover, the dramatic efficacy of these potent cancer therapies drives the selection for additional genetic changes as tumors acquire drug resistance, necessitating repeated sampling of cancer cells to adjust therapy in response to tumor evolution. Together, these advanced noninvasive diagnostic capabilities and their applications in guiding precision cancer therapies are poised to change the ways in which we select and monitor cancer treatments. Recent advances in technologies to analyze circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA are setting the stage for real-time, noninvasive monitoring of cancer and providing novel insights into cancer evolution, invasion, and metastasis. ©2014 American Association for Cancer Research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Dental Research
                J Dent Res
                SAGE Publications
                0022-0345
                1544-0591
                January 22 2019
                February 2019
                January 22 2019
                February 2019
                : 98
                : 2
                : 133-141
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Oral Biology, Dental College, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
                [2 ]Center for Oral/Head and Neck Oncology Research, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
                Article
                10.1177/0022034518816961
                6900436
                30782091
                e36df7f5-86fd-4fa7-9b65-6184e8978723
                © 2019

                http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license

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