Anti-psoriatic activity of flavonoids from Cassia tora leaves using the rat ultraviolet B ray photodermatitis model

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Abstract

The plant Cassia tora L., Fabaceae, traditionally, is claimed to be useful in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin diseases. In order to evaluate this information, antipsoriatic activity of three flavonoids, namely luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside (1), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (2) and formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (3), isolated from the ethanol extract of C. tora leaves were investigated using UV-B induced photodermatitis model. Further, the flavonoids present in the ethanol extract were identified using HPLC by comparing their retention time with known standard luteolin, quercetin and formononetin. In the UV induced photodermatitis model, histopathological analysis of the section revealed the absence of Munro's microabscess, elongation of rete ridges, and capillary loop dilation in ethanol extract (400 mg/kg), isolated compound 2, 3 and standard group. The ethanolic extract (400 mg/kg) and isolated compounds 1, 2 and 3 exhibited a significant (p <0.01) percentage reduction of relative epidermal thickness when compared with a positive control. In the HPLC analysis, three flavonoids were identified by comparison of the retention times of standard marker, namely luteolin, quercetin and formononetin. We concluded, using animal model, that the flavonoids from Cassia tora leaves have significant antipsoriatic activity.

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E. Middleton, C. Kandaswami, T Theoharides (2000)

Flavonoids are nearly ubiquitous in plants and are recognized as the pigments responsible for the colors of leaves, especially in autumn. They are rich in seeds, citrus fruits, olive oil, tea, and red wine. They are low molecular weight compounds composed of a three-ring structure with various substitutions. This basic structure is shared by tocopherols (vitamin E). Flavonoids can be subdivided according to the presence of an oxy group at position 4, a double bond between carbon atoms 2 and 3, or a hydroxyl group in position 3 of the C (middle) ring. These characteristics appear to also be required for best activity, especially antioxidant and antiproliferative, in the systems studied. The particular hydroxylation pattern of the B ring of the flavonoles increases their activities, especially in inhibition of mast cell secretion. Certain plants and spices containing flavonoids have been used for thousands of years in traditional Eastern medicine. In spite of the voluminous literature available, however, Western medicine has not yet used flavonoids therapeutically, even though their safety record is exceptional. Suggestions are made where such possibilities may be worth pursuing.

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Psoriasis and metabolic disease: epidemiology and pathophysiology.

Rahat S Azfar, Joel Gelfand (2008)

The scientific literature linking psoriasis to metabolic syndrome, and its components, as well as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction has rapidly expanded. Increasingly, epidemiological studies are establishing the directionality of these associations and psoriasis' role as an independent risk factor in developing these outcomes. Psoriasis is associated with metabolic syndrome, and its components, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Obesity has been shown to be an independent risk factor for the development of psoriasis, and is also associated with more severe psoriasis. Psoriasis is associated with diabetes, coronary artery disease, and an increased risk for myocardial infarction independent of traditional risk factors for these disorders. These phenotypically diverse conditions share similar pathologic changes such as chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and selected susceptibility genes and loci. The broad literature linking psoriasis to metabolic disorders has led to changes in standard of care recommendations for patients with psoriasis. In particular, practitioners are encouraged to screen psoriasis patients, especially when disease is severe, for metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk factors and institute appropriate prevention strategies. Additional studies investigating the role of psoriasis activity and severity as an independent risk factor for developing metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction and the role of psoriasis treatment in altering the risk of developing these serious morbidities are urgently needed.

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Reactive oxygen species in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-activated primary human keratinocytes: implications for psoriasis and inflammatory skin disease.

Chen Young, Jay I. Koepke, Laura Terlecky … (2008)

The multifunctional cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is known to play an important role in inflammatory and immunological responses in human skin. Although it has been documented that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in TNF-alpha-induced signaling pathways associated with certain inflammatory diseases, their role in TNF-alpha signaling cascades has not been examined in primary human keratinocytes used as a model of inflammatory skin disease and psoriasis. Employing a series of in vitro and in cellulo approaches, we have demonstrated that in primary human keratinocytes (i) TNF-alpha rapidly induces ROS generation, IkappaB degradation, NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation, and ultimately production of inflammatory cytokines; (ii) TNF-alpha-induced cytokine production is mediated both by the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway via NF-kappaB activation and by ROS; (iii) TNF-alpha-dependent NF-kappaB activation (that is, IkappaB degradation and NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation) is not mediated by ROS; and (iv) a cell-penetrating derivative of the antioxidant enzyme, catalase, as well as taurine and N-acetyl-cysteine attenuate the TNF-alpha-induced production of cytokines. These latter results suggest that catalase and perhaps other antioxidants should be considered as part of a more specific and effective therapy for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis.