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      Research progress in methods for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

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          Abstract

          The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has seriously affected the lives of people worldwide. Clarifying the attenuation rule of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) in vivo is the key to prevent reinfection and recurrence of virus. Currently, the commonly used methods for detecting NAb include virus neutralization tests, pseudovirus neutralization assays, lateral flow immunochromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The detection of NAb not only can be used to evaluate the level of immunity after vaccination or infection but also can provide important theoretical support for virus reinfection, recurrence and vaccine iteration. In this research, the related technologies of SARS-CoV-2 NAb detection were reviewed, aiming to provide better research ideas for SARS-CoV-2 epidemic prevention and control.

          Graphical abstract

          SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) in vivo is the key to prevent reinfection and recurrence of virus. Currently, the commonly used methods for detecting NAb include virus neutralization tests, pseudovirus neutralization assays, lateral flow im-munochromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The detection of NAb not only be used to evaluate the level of immunity after vaccination or infection but also can provide important theoretical support for virus reinfection, recurrence and vaccine iteration.

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          SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

          Markus Hoffmann, Hannah Kleine-Weber, Simon Schroeder … (2020)
          Summary The recent emergence of the novel, pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on binding of the viral spike (S) proteins to cellular receptors and on S protein priming by host cell proteases. Unravelling which cellular factors are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor ACE2 for entry and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the sera from convalescent SARS patients cross-neutralized SARS-2-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention.
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            Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation

            Daniel Wrapp, Nianshuang Wang, Kizzmekia S. Corbett … (2020)
            Structure of the nCoV trimeric spike The World Health Organization has declared the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) to be a public health emergency of international concern. The virus binds to host cells through its trimeric spike glycoprotein, making this protein a key target for potential therapies and diagnostics. Wrapp et al. determined a 3.5-angstrom-resolution structure of the 2019-nCoV trimeric spike protein by cryo–electron microscopy. Using biophysical assays, the authors show that this protein binds at least 10 times more tightly than the corresponding spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)–CoV to their common host cell receptor. They also tested three antibodies known to bind to the SARS-CoV spike protein but did not detect binding to the 2019-nCoV spike protein. These studies provide valuable information to guide the development of medical counter-measures for 2019-nCoV. Science, this issue p. 1260
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              Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents

              G Kampf, D Todt, S. Pfaender … (2020)
              Summary Currently, the emergence of a novel human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has become a global health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans. Human-to-human transmissions have been described with incubation times between 2-10 days, facilitating its spread via droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces. We therefore reviewed the literature on all available information about the persistence of human and veterinary coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces as well as inactivation strategies with biocidal agents used for chemical disinfection, e.g. in healthcare facilities. The analysis of 22 studies reveals that human coronaviruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus or endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) can persist on inanimate surfaces like metal, glass or plastic for up to 9 days, but can be efficiently inactivated by surface disinfection procedures with 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. Other biocidal agents such as 0.05–0.2% benzalkonium chloride or 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate are less effective. As no specific therapies are available for SARS-CoV-2, early containment and prevention of further spread will be crucial to stop the ongoing outbreak and to control this novel infectious thread.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Anal Biochem
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Anal Biochem
                Title: Analytical Biochemistry
                Publisher: Published by Elsevier Inc.
                ISSN (Print): 0003-2697
                ISSN (Electronic): 1096-0309
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 May 2023
                Publication date (Print): 15 July 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 May 2023
                Volume: 673
                Page: 115199
                Affiliations
                [a ]Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
                [b ]Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
                [c ]Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
                [d ]Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, 274000, China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author.
                [1]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0003-2697(23)00164-1 Publisher ID: 115199
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115199
                PMC ID: 10226777
                PubMed ID: 37257735
                SO-VID: e3836a1c-1656-4db2-9ecf-bb49389d7b16
                Copyright © © 2023 Published by Elsevier Inc.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 17 April 2023
                Date revision received : 13 May 2023
                Date accepted : 27 May 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: sars-cov-2,neutralizing antibody,detection method,lateral flow
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: sars-cov-2, neutralizing antibody, detection method, lateral flow

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