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      Perioperative Ängste und die Angst vor dem Tod Translated title: Perioperative anxiety and fear of death

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          Abstract

          In der Anästhesiologie wird man häufig mit Patienten konfrontiert, die unter perioperativen Ängsten und speziell der Angst vor dem Tod leiden, dies gilt jedoch nicht nur für die Anästhesiologie, sondern auch für die Psychiatrie und die Psychotherapie. Bislang ist die Literaturlage hierzu begrenzt, und daher werden diesem Übersichtsartikel die wichtigsten Arten von perioperativer Angst, diagnostische Aspekte sowie Risikofaktoren thematisiert. Anxiolytisch werden klassischerweise Benzodiazepine eingesetzt, in den letzten Jahren ist jedoch die präoperative Angst reduzierende Wirkung von z. B. supportiven Gesprächen, Akupunktur, Aromatherapie und Entspannungsverfahren stärker in den Fokus geraten, da Benzodiazepine unter anderen ein postoperatives Delir mit Zunahme von Morbidität und Mortalität fördern. Perioperative Ängste vor dem Tod sollten jedoch klinisch und wissenschaftlich verstärkt in den Blick genommen werden, um nicht nur die Patienten präoperativ besser versorgen, sondern auch um nachteilige Folgen im Verlauf von Operationen und danach reduzieren zu können.

          Translated abstract

          An important field of anesthesiology but also of psychiatry and psychotherapy, is perioperative anxiety and especially the fear of death. In this review article the most important types of anxiety in the individual phases before, during and after surgery are presented and diagnostic aspects as well as risk factors are discussed. Benzodiazepines can classically be used therapeutically here, but in recent years the preoperative anxiety-reducing effects of e.g., supporting talks, acupuncture, aroma therapy, and relaxation methods have come more into focus, because benzodiazepines promote postoperative delirium, which significantly increases morbidity and mortality. Perioperative fear of death should, however, be given greater clinical and scientific attention in order not only to have a better understanding and preoperative care of patients, but also to reduce adverse consequences during surgery and afterwards.

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          Most cited references59

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          Effect of dignity therapy on distress and end-of-life experience in terminally ill patients: a randomised controlled trial.

          Dignity therapy is a unique, individualised, short-term psychotherapy that was developed for patients (and their families) living with life-threatening or life-limiting illness. We investigated whether dignity therapy could mitigate distress or bolster the experience in patients nearing the end of their lives. Patients (aged ≥18 years) with a terminal prognosis (life expectancy ≤6 months) who were receiving palliative care in a hospital or community setting (hospice or home) in Canada, USA, and Australia were randomly assigned to dignity therapy, client-centred care, or standard palliative care in a 1:1:1 ratio. Randomisation was by use of a computer-generated table of random numbers in blocks of 30. Allocation concealment was by use of opaque sealed envelopes. The primary outcomes--reductions in various dimensions of distress before and after completion of the study--were measured with the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Spiritual Well-Being Scale, Patient Dignity Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, items from the Structured Interview for Symptoms and Concerns, Quality of Life Scale, and modified Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale. Secondary outcomes of self-reported end-of-life experiences were assessed in a survey that was undertaken after the completion of the study. Outcomes were assessed by research staff with whom the participant had no previous contact to avoid any possible response bias or contamination. Analyses were done on all patients with available data at baseline and at the end of the study intervention. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00133965. 165 of 441 patients were assigned to dignity therapy, 140 standard palliative care, and 136 client-centred care. 108, 111, and 107 patients, respectively, were analysed. No significant differences were noted in the distress levels before and after completion of the study in the three groups. For the secondary outcomes, patients reported that dignity therapy was significantly more likely than the other two interventions to have been helpful (χ(2)=35·50, df=2; p<0·0001), improve quality of life (χ(2)=14·52; p=0·001), increase sense of dignity (χ(2)=12·66; p=0·002), change how their family saw and appreciated them (χ(2)=33·81; p<0·0001), and be helpful to their family (χ(2)=33·86; p<0·0001). Dignity therapy was significantly better than client-centred care in improving spiritual wellbeing (χ(2)=10·35; p=0·006), and was significantly better than standard palliative care in terms of lessening sadness or depression (χ(2)=9·38; p=0·009); significantly more patients who had received dignity therapy reported that the study group had been satisfactory, compared with those who received standard palliative care (χ(2)=29·58; p<0·0001). Although the ability of dignity therapy to mitigate outright distress, such as depression, desire for death or suicidality, has yet to be proven, its benefits in terms of self-reported end-of-life experiences support its clinical application for patients nearing death. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            The visual analog scale allows effective measurement of preoperative anxiety and detection of patients' anesthetic concerns.

            The advent of managed care, reduction of costs, and advances in medical technology place increasing demands on anesthesiologists. Preoperative anxiety may go unnoticed in an environment that stresses increased productivity. The present study compares different methods for measuring preoperative anxiety, identifies certain patient characteristics that predispose to high anxiety, and describes the quantity and quality of anxiety that patients experience preoperatively. Seven hundred thirty-four patients participated in the study. We assessed aspects of anxiety by means of visual analog scales (VAS) and the State Anxiety Score of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The mean STAI anxiety score was 39 +/- 1 (n = 486) and the mean VAS for fear of anesthesia was 29 +/- 1 (n = 539). Patients feared surgery significantly more than anesthesia (P < 0.001). The VAS measuring fear of anesthesia correlated well with the STAI score (r = 0.55; P < 0.01). Young patients, female patients, and patients with no previous anesthetic experience or a previous negative anesthetic experience had higher anxiety scores. Patients worried most about the waiting period preceding surgery and were least concerned about possible awareness intraoperatively. Factor analysis of various anxiety items showed three distinct dimensions of fear: 1) the fear of the unknown 2) the fear of feeling ill, and 3) the fear for one's life. Among these dimensions, fear of the unknown correlated highest with the anxiety measuring techniques STAI and VAS. The simple VAS proved to be a useful and valid measure of preoperative anxiety. The study of qualitative aspects of anxiety reveals three distinct dimensions of preoperative fear: fear of the unknown, fear of feeling ill, and fear for one's life. Groups of patients with a higher degree of preoperative anxiety and their specific anesthetic concerns can be identified using the visual analog scale.
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              Risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting.

              Tong Gan (2006)
              Knowledge of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) risk factors allows anesthesiologists to optimize the use of prophylactic regimens. Modern PONV risk research began in the 1990s with publication of studies using logistic regression analysis to simultaneously identify multiple independent PONV predictors and publication of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. This literature shows that female gender post-puberty, nonsmoking status, history of PONV or motion sickness, childhood after infancy and younger adulthood, increasing duration of surgery, and use of volatile anesthetics, nitrous oxide, large-dose neostigmine, or intraoperative or postoperative opioids are well established PONV risk factors. Possible risk factors include history of migraine, history of PONV or motion sickness in a child's parent or sibling, better ASA physical status, intense preoperative anxiety, certain ethnicities or surgery types, decreased perioperative fluids, crystalloid versus colloid administration, increasing duration of anesthesia, general versus regional anesthesia or sedation, balanced versus total IV anesthesia, and use of longer-acting versus shorter-acting opioids. Early-phase menstruation, obesity and lack of supplemental oxygen are disproved risk factors. Current risk scoring systems have approximately 55%-80% accuracy in predicting which patient groups will suffer PONV. Further research examining genetic and under-investigated clinical patient characteristics as potential risk factors, and involving outpatients and children, should improve predictive systems.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                georg.juckel@rub.de
                Journal
                Anaesthesiologie
                Anaesthesiologie
                Die Anaesthesiologie
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                2731-6858
                2731-6866
                10 March 2023
                10 March 2023
                2023
                : 72
                : 4
                : 266-272
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.5570.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0490 981X, Klinik für Psychiatrie Psychotherapie und Präventivmedizin, , LWL-Universitätsklinikum, Ruhr Universität Bochum, ; Alexandrinenstr. 1, 44791 Bochum, Deutschland
                [2 ]Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin und Schmerztherapie (AINS), Augusta-Kliniken Bochum, Bergstr. 26, 44791 Bochum, Deutschland
                Article
                1267
                10.1007/s00101-023-01267-3
                10076359
                36897352
                e3b68291-b1c7-4527-95aa-dd13fea6b3a3
                © The Author(s) 2023

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                History
                : 31 January 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Ruhr-Universität Bochum (1007)
                Categories
                Allgemeinanästhesie
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2023

                todesangst,operationsangst,anästhesiekomplikationen,postoperativer verlauf,death anxiety,surgery anxiety,complications of anesthesia,postoperative course

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