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      Treadmill exercise improves memory function by inhibiting hippocampal apoptosis in pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats

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          Abstract

          Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures and loss of neurons with abnormal rhythmic firing in the brains. In the present study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on memory function in relation with cell proliferation and apoptosis in the hippocampus using pilocarpine-induced seizure rats. Epilepsy was initiated by intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine hydrochloride. The rats in the exercise group were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 2 weeks. In the present results, treadmill exercise alleviated short-term and spatial learning memory impairments in the epileptic rats. Treadmill exercise suppressed neuronal degeneration and enhanced neuronal maturation in the epileptic rats. Treadmill exercise suppressed cell proliferation and apoptosis in the epileptic rats. Treadmill exercise alleviated pilocarpine-induced memory impairments and suppressed neuronal loss in the hippocampus through down-regulation of apoptosis. These findings offer a possibility that treadmill exercise may provide a preventive or therapeutic value to the epilepsy-induced learning and memory impairments.

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          Adult epilepsy.

          John S Duncan, Josemir Sander, Sanjay Sisodiya … (2006)
          The epilepsies are one of the most common serious brain disorders, can occur at all ages, and have many possible presentations and causes. Although incidence in childhood has fallen over the past three decades in developed countries, this reduction is matched by an increase in elderly people. Monogenic Mendelian epilepsies are rare. A clinical syndrome often has multiple possible genetic causes, and conversely, different mutations in one gene can lead to various epileptic syndromes. Most common epilepsies, however, are probably complex traits with environmental effects acting on inherited susceptibility, mediated by common variation in particular genes. Diagnosis of epilepsy remains clinical, and neurophysiological investigations assist with diagnosis of the syndrome. Brain imaging is making great progress in identifying the structural and functional causes and consequences of the epilepsies. Current antiepileptic drugs suppress seizures without influencing the underlying tendency to generate seizures, and are effective in 60-70% of individuals. Pharmacogenetic studies hold the promise of being able to better individualise treatment for each patient, with maximum possibility of benefit and minimum risk of adverse effects. For people with refractory focal epilepsy, neurosurgical resection offers the possibility of a life-changing cure. Potential new treatments include precise prediction of seizures and focal therapy with drug delivery, neural stimulation, and biological grafts.
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            Bcl-2-family proteins and the role of mitochondria in apoptosis.

            Donald Newmeyer, Tomomi Kuwana (2003)
            Mitochondria are central to many forms of cell death, usually via the release of pro-apoptotic proteins from the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Some intermembrane space proteins, including cytochrome c, Smac/DIABLO, and Omi/Htra2, can induce or enhance caspase activation, whereas others, such as AIF and endonuclease G, might act in a caspase-independent manner. Intermembrane space protein release is often regulated by Bcl-2-family proteins. Recent evidence suggests that pro-apoptotic members of this family, by themselves, can permeabilize the outer mitochondrial membrane without otherwise damaging mitochondria. Mitochondria can contribute to cell death in other ways. For example, they can respond to calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum by undergoing the mitochondrial permeability transition, which in turn causes outer membrane rupture and the release of intermembrane space proteins. Bcl-2-family proteins can influence the levels of releasable Ca(2+) in the endoplasmic reticulum, and thus determine whether the released Ca(2+) is sufficient to overload mitochondria and induce cell death.
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              NeuN: a useful neuronal marker for diagnostic histopathology.

              T Pietsch, R Buslei, R Kästner … (1996)
              The monoclonal antibody A60 specifically recognizes the DNA-binding, neuron-specific protein NeuN, which is present in most neuronal cell types of vertebrates. In this study we demonstrate the potential use of NeuN as a diagnostic neuronal marker using a wide range of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human surgical and autopsy specimens from the central and peripheral nervous system. After microwave antigen retrieval, almost all neuronal populations revealed strong immunoreactivity for NeuN in nuclei, perikarya, and some proximal neuronal processes, whereas more distal axon cylinders and dendritic ramifications were not stained. The stain greatly enhanced the gray matter architecture. NeuN immunoreactivity was not detected in Purkinje cells, most neurons of the internal nuclear layer of the retina, and in sympathetic chain ganglia. We examined nine gangliogliomas and 14 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors, one ganglioneuroma, and one dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma. The neuronal component of all of these lesions showed marked immunoreactivity for NeuN. In addition, NeuN immunoreactivity was focally seen in one of seven medulloblastomas with prominent neuronal differentiation. There was no staining of non-neuronal structures. The results indicate that NeuN immunoreactivity is a sensitive and specific neuronal marker in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, and may be useful in diagnostic histopathology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Exerc Rehabil
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Exerc Rehabil
                Title: Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation
                Publisher: Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation
                ISSN (Print): 2288-176X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2288-1778
                Publication date Collection: October 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 October 2018
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 713-723
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
                [2 ]Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
                [3 ]School of Global Sport Studies, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
                [4 ]Division of Leisure & Sports Science, Department of Exercise Prescription, Dongseo University, Busan, Korea
                [5 ]Department of Golf Mapping, College of Arts Physical Education, Joongbu University, Geumsan, Korea
                [6 ]Department of Urology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Young Sam Cho, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2966-7971, Department of Urology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Korea, Tel: +82-2-2001-2237, Fax: +82-2-2001-2247, E-mail: choys1011@ 123456naver.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2966-7971
                Article
                Publisher ID: jer-14-5-713
                DOI: 10.12965/jer.36394.197
                PMC ID: 6222143
                PubMed ID: 30443515
                SO-VID: e495739b-dd66-4f6d-855f-058b53ff071e
                Copyright © Copyright © 2018 Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 12 August 2018
                Date accepted : 5 September 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: epilepsy,treadmill exercise,short-term memory,spatial learning memory,cell proliferation,apoptosis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: epilepsy, treadmill exercise, short-term memory, spatial learning memory, cell proliferation, apoptosis

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