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      What’s in a name? A data-driven method to identify optimal psychotherapy classifications to advance treatment research on co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders Translated title: ¿Qué importancia tiene el nombre? Un método basado en datos para identificar clasificaciones óptimas de la psicoterapia para avanzar en la investigación del tratamiento de la comorbilidad de TEPT y Trastornos por Uso de Sustancias Translated title: 名字之下是什么?一种通过确定最佳心理治疗类别以提高对并发PTSD 和物质使用障碍治疗研究的数据驱动方法

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          ABSTRACT

          Background/Objective

          The present study leveraged the expertise of an international group of posttraumatic stress and substance use disorder (PTSD+SUD) intervention researchers to identify which methods of categorizing interventions which target SUD, PTSD, or PTSD+SUD for populations with both PTSD+SUD may be optimal for advancing future systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and comparative effectiveness studies which strive to compare effects across a broad variety of psychotherapy types.

          Method

          A two-step process was used to evaluate the categorization terminology. First, we searched the literature for pre-existing categories of PTSD+SUD interventions from PTSD+SUD clinical trials, systematic and literature reviews. Then, we surveyed international trauma and substance use subject matter experts about their opinions on pre-existing intervention categorization and ideal categorization nomenclature.

          Results

          Mixed method analyses revealed that a proliferation of PTSD+SUD treatment research over the last twenty years brought with it an abundance of ways to characterize the treatments that have been evaluated. Results from our survey of experts ( N = 27) revealed that interventions for PTSD+SUD can be classified in many ways that appear to overlap highly with one another. Many experts (11/27; 41%) selected the categories of ‘trauma-focused and non-trauma focused’ as an optimal way to distinguish treatment types. Although several experts reinforced this point during the subsequent meeting, it became clear that no method of categorizing treatments is without flaws.

          Conclusion

          One possible categorization (trauma-focused/non-trauma focused) was identified. Revised language and nomenclature for classification of PTSD+SUD treatments are needed in order to accommodate the needs of this advancing field.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Experts in PTSD+SUD clinical trials were surveyed to identify principles for treatment classification of PTSD+SUD behavioural therapies.

          • Results indicated some consensus around ‘trauma-focused’ vs ‘non-trauma-focused’ as one designation but further agreement is needed.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes/Objetivo: El presente estudio aprovechó la experticia de un grupo internacional de investigadores de intervención en trastorno de estrés postraumático y trastorno por uso de sustancias (TEPT+TUS) para identificar qué métodos de categorización de las intervenciones con foco en TUS, TEPT y TEPT+TUS para poblaciones con ambos TEPT+TUS serían óptimos para avanzar en futuras revisiones sistemáticas, meta-análisis y estudios comparativos de efectividad que busquen comparar efectos en una amplia variedad de tipos de psicoterapia.

          Método: Se utilizó un proceso de dos etapas para evaluar la terminología de categorización. Primero, buscamos en la literatura categorías pre-existentes de intervenciones para TEPT+TUS en ensayos clínicos de TEPT+TUS, revisiones sistemáticas y de la literatura. Después, entrevistamos a expertos internacionales en la materia de trauma y uso de sustancias sobre su opinión de la categorización pre-existente de las intervenciones y la nomenclatura ideal de categorización.

          Resultados: Métodos de análisis mixtos revelaron que una proliferación de investigación de tratamientos para TEPT+TUS en los últimos veinte años trajo consigo una abundancia de formas de categorizar los tratamientos que han sido evaluados. Los resultados de nuestra encuesta de expertos ( N = 27) revelaron que las intervenciones para TEPT+TUS pueden ser clasificadas en muchas formas que parecen sobreponerse altamente entre sí. Muchos expertos (11/27; 41%) seleccionaron las categorías de ‘centrados en el trauma y no centrados en el trauma’ como una forma óptima de distinguir los tipos de tratamiento. Aunque varios expertos reforzaron este punto en la reunión subsecuente, quedó claro que ningún método de categorización de los tratamientos está libre de defectos.

          Conclusión: Se identificó una posible categorización (centrado en el trauma/No centrado en el trauma). Se necesita lenguaje y nomenclatura revisada para la clasificación de tratamientos de TEPT+TUS a fin de acomodar las necesidades de este campo en desarrollo.

          Translated abstract

          背景/目的: 本研究利用了一个国际创伤后应激障碍和物质使用障碍 (PTSD+SUD) 干预研究人员的专业知识, 以确定对于PTSD+SUD并发患者 针对 SUD, PTSD 或 PTSD+SUD 的干预措施分类方法可能是推进未来系统综述, 元分析和旨在比较各种心理治疗类型效果的比较有效性研究的最佳选择。

          方法: 使用两步过程来评估分类术语。首先, 我们从 PTSD+SUD 临床试验, 系统和文献综述中检索了文献中预先存在的 PTSD+SUD 干预类别。然后, 我们调查了解了国际创伤和物质使用主题专家对现有干预分类和理想分类命名法的看法。

          结果: 混合方法分析表明, 过去 20 年 PTSD+SUD 治疗研究的激增带来了许多表征已评估治疗的方法。我们对27名专家的调查结果显示, PTSD+SUD 的干预措施可以按许多似乎彼此高度重叠的方式进行分类。许多专家 (11/27; 41%) 选择了‘创伤聚焦和非创伤聚焦’的类别作为区分治疗类型的最佳方式。尽管几位专家在随后会议中强调了这一点, 但很明显, 任何对治疗进行分类的方法都没有缺陷。

          结论: 确定了一种可能的分类 (创伤聚焦/非创伤聚焦) 。需要修订用于 PTSD + SUD 治疗分类的语言和命名法, 以适应这一先进领域的需求。

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          The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence.

          Recent clinical observations and psychiatric diagnostic findings of drug-dependent individuals suggest that they are predisposed to addiction because they suffer with painful affect states and related psychiatric disorders. The drugs that addicts select are not chosen randomly. Their drug of choice is the result of an interaction between the psychopharmacologic action of the drug and the dominant painful feelings with which they struggle. Narcotic addicts prefer opiates because of their powerful muting action on the disorganizing and threatening affects of rage and aggression. Cocaine has its appeal because of its ability to relieve distress associated with depression, hypomania, and hyperactivity.
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            Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the literature.

            Alcohol use disorders and other substance use disorders are extremely common among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article reviews studies pertaining to the epidemiology, clinical phenomenology, and pathophysiology of comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. Studies were identified by means of computerized and manual searches. The review of research on the pathophysiology of PTSD and substance use disorders was focused on studies of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the noradrenergic system. High rates of comorbidity suggest that PTSD and substance use disorders are functionally related to one another. Most published data support a pathway whereby PTSD precedes substance abuse or dependence. Substances are initially used to modify PTSD symptoms. With the development of dependence, physiologic arousal resulting from substance withdrawal may exacerbate PTSD symptoms, thereby contributing to a relapse of substance use. Preclinical work has led to the proposal that in PTSD, corticotropin-releasing hormone and noradrenergic systems may interact such that the stress response is progressively augmented. Patients may use sedatives, hypnotics, or alcohol in an effort to interrupt this progressive augmentation. Vigorous control of withdrawal and PTSD-related arousal symptoms should be sought during detoxification of patients with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. Inclusion of patients with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders in neurobiologic research and in clinical trials will be critical for development of effective treatments for this severely symptomatic patient population.
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              Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder.

              Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an important mental health issue in terms of the number of people affected and the morbidity and functional impairment associated with the disorder. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of all treatments for PTSD. PubMed, MEDLINE, PILOTS, and PsycINFO databases were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials of any treatment for PTSD in adults published between January 1, 1980, and April 1, 2012, and written in the English language. The following search terms were used: post-traumatic stress disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, combat disorders, and stress disorders, post-traumatic. Articles selected were those in which all subjects were adults with a diagnosis of PTSD based on DSM criteria and a valid PTSD symptom measure was reported. Other study characteristics were systematically collected. The sample consisted of 137 treatment comparisons drawn from 112 studies. Effective psychotherapies included cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (g = 1.63, 1.08, and 1.01, respectively). Effective pharmacotherapies included paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, risperidone, topiramate, and venlafaxine (g = 0.74, 0.41, 0.43, 0.41, 1.20, and 0.48, respectively). For both psychotherapy and medication, studies with more women had larger effects and studies with more veterans had smaller effects. Psychotherapy studies with wait-list controls had larger effects than studies with active control comparisons. Our findings suggest that patients and providers have a variety of options for choosing an effective treatment for PTSD. Substantial differences in study design and study participant characteristics make identification of a single best treatment difficult. Not all medications or psychotherapies are effective. © Copyright 2013 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                22 December 2021
                2022
                22 December 2021
                : 13
                : 1
                : 2001191
                Affiliations
                [a ]Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University–New Brunswick; , Piscataway, NJ, USA
                [b ]Department of Psychology, York University; , Toronto, ON, Canada
                [c ]RTI International; , Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
                [d ]Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research; , New York, NY, USA
                [e ]Department of Psychiatry, University of California; , San Diego, CA, USA
                [f ]Department of Psychology, City College of New York; , New York, NY, USA
                [g ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina; , Charleston, SC, USA
                Author notes
                CONTACT Denise A. Hien denise.hien@ 123456smithers.rutgers.edu ABPP Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University; , 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
                [*]

                Denise Hien and Skye Fitzpatrick jointly share first authorship for this manuscript.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6954-2882
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1347-1827
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-0624
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5128-5200
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-1882
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5836-629X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-5358
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2521-6329
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5142-0908
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-8737
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4706-9964
                Article
                2001191
                10.1080/20008198.2021.2001191
                8725709
                34992759
                e4bbcfdf-af38-4728-934d-be576f39416e
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, References: 54, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Research Article
                Basic Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                posttraumatic stress disorder,substance use disorder,dual diagnosis,treatment classification,co-occurring disorders,trastorno de estrés postraumático,trastorno por uso de sustancias,patología dual,clasificación de tratamiento,trastornos comórbidos,创伤后应激障碍,物质使用障碍,双重诊断,治疗分类,并发障碍

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