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      • Record: found
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      A socioeconomic related 'digital divide' exists in how, not if, young people use computers

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      Author(s): 1 , * , 2 , 3
      Editor(s):
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Government initiatives have tried to ensure uniform computer access for young people; however a divide related to socioeconomic status (SES) may still exist in the nature of information technology (IT) use. This study aimed to investigate this relationship in 1,351 Western Australian children between 6 and 17 years of age. All participants had computer access at school and 98.9% at home. Neighbourhood SES was related to computer use, IT activities, playing musical instruments, and participating in vigorous physical activity. Participants from higher SES neighbourhoods were more exposed to school computers, reading, playing musical instruments, and vigorous physical activity. Participants from lower SES neighbourhoods were more exposed to TV, electronic games, mobile phones, and non-academic computer activities at home. These patterns may impact future economic, academic, and health outcomes. Better insight into neighbourhood SES influences will assist in understanding and managing the impact of computer use on young people’s health and development.

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          Status of implementation of Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in Ghana: a qualitative study

          Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Ann McNeill, Sarah Lewis … (2010)
          Background The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), a World Health Organization treaty, has now been ratified by over 165 countries. However there are concerns that implementing the Articles of the treaty may prove difficult, particularly in the developing world. In this study we have used qualitative methods to explore the extent to which the FCTC has been implemented in Ghana, a developing country that was 39th to ratify the FCTC, and identify barriers to effective FCTC implementation in low income countries. Methods Semi-structured interviews with 20 members of the national steering committee for tobacco control in Ghana, the official multi-disciplinary team with responsibility for tobacco control advocacy and policy formulation, were conducted. The Framework method for analysis and NVivo software were used to identify key issues relating to the awareness of the FCTC and the key challenges and achievements in Ghana to date. Results Interviewees had good knowledge of the content of the FCTC, and reported that although Ghana had no explicitly written policy on tobacco control, the Ministry of Health had issued several tobacco control directives before and since ratification. A national tobacco control bill has been drafted but has not been implemented. Challenges identified included the absence of a legal framework for implementing the FCTC, and a lack of adequate resources and prioritisation of tobacco control efforts, leading to slow implementation of the treaty. Conclusion Whilst Ghana has ratified the FCTC, there is an urgent need for action to pass a national tobacco control bill into law to enable it to implement the treaty, sustain tobacco control efforts and prevent Ghana's further involvement in the global tobacco epidemic.
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            A descriptive epidemiology of screen-based media use in youth: a review and critique.

            Trish Gorely, S Biddle, Andrew S J Marshall (2006)
            The purpose of this systematic review was to (i) estimate the prevalence and dose of television (TV) viewing, video game playing and computer use, and (ii) assess age-related and (iii) secular trends in TV viewing among youth (< or = 18 yr). Ninety studies published in English language journals between 1949 and 2004 were included, presenting data from 539 independent samples (the unit of analysis). Results suggest contemporary youth watch on average 1.8-2.8 h of TV per day, depending on age and gender. Most (66%) are "low users" (< 2 h day(-1)) of TV but 28% watch more than 4 h day(-1). Boys and girls with access to video games spend approximately 60 and 23 min day(-1), respectively, using this technology. Computer use accounts for an additional 30 min day(-1). Age-specific data suggest TV viewing decreases during adolescence, but those considered "high users" at young ages are likely to remain high users when older. For children with access to a television set, the number of hours spent viewing does not appear to have increased over the past 50 years.
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              Race, gender, and information technology use: the new digital divide.

              Yong Zhao, Anthony Kolenic, Ryan Fitzgerald … (2008)
              This research examined race and gender differences in the intensity and nature of IT use and whether IT use predicted academic performance. A sample of 515 children (172 African Americans and 343 Caucasian Americans), average age 12 years old, completed surveys as part of their participation in the Children and Technology Project. Findings indicated race and gender differences in the intensity of IT use; African American males were the least intense users of computers and the Internet, and African American females were the most intense users of the Internet. Males, regardless of race, were the most intense videogame players, and females, regardless of race, were the most intense cell phone users. IT use predicted children's academic performance. Length of time using computers and the Internet was a positive predictor of academic performance, whereas amount of time spent playing videogames was a negative predictor. Implications of the findings for bringing IT to African American males and bringing African American males to IT are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Stefano Federici: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 March 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0175011
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
                [2 ]School of Physiotherapy, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
                [3 ]Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
                Universita degli Studi di Perugia, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: CH LS CP.

                • Data curation: CH.

                • Formal analysis: CH LS.

                • Investigation: CH.

                • Methodology: CH LS CP.

                • Project administration: CH.

                • Supervision: LS CP.

                • Visualization: CH.

                • Writing – original draft: CH.

                • Writing – review & editing: CH LS CP.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-16-20320
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175011
                PMC ID: 5376329
                PubMed ID: 28362868
                SO-VID: e569c587-1551-4791-8dcf-917ade76abaa
                Copyright © © 2017 Harris et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 3 June 2016
                Date accepted : 20 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 7, Pages: 13
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Computer and Information Sciences
                Subject: Computers
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Education
                Subject: Schools
                Subject: Computer and Information Sciences
                Subject: Computer Networks
                Subject: Internet
                Subject: Computer and Information Sciences
                Subject: Computer Modeling
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Education
                Subject: Home Education
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Physical Activity
                Subject: Computer and Information Sciences
                Subject: Computing Systems
                Subject: Digital Computing
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Health Care
                Subject: Socioeconomic Aspects of Health
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Socioeconomic Aspects of Health
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability The authors are unable to supply a minimal data set due to Ethic approvals obtained from participants (school children) and parents at the time of the study. They did not obtain consent to publically release data sets. Please contact the School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, reception@ 123456physio.curtin.edu.au , or Professor Leon Straker, L.Straker@ 123456curtin.edu.au for access to data for those interested researchers.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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