Blunting of AICAR-induced human skeletal muscle glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes is dependent on age rather than diabetic status

Abstract

We demonstrated previously that, in healthy young men, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β- d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) stimulates human muscle 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake without detectable activation of muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) but with extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation. We tested whether AICAR stimulates muscle 2DG uptake in healthy older patients with or without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Six healthy young subjects (23 ± 3 yr, BMI 25 ± 2 kg/m ⁻²; means ± SE), eight older subjects (59 ± 4 yr, BMI 28 ± 2 kg/m ⁻²), and eight subjects with T2D (62 ± 4 yr, BMI 27 ± 2 kg/m ⁻²) received a 6-h 2DG infusion (prime 10 mg/kg, 6 mg·kg ⁻¹·h ⁻¹) and AICAR (10 or 20 mg·kg ⁻¹·h ⁻¹) from 3 to 6 h. Quadriceps biopsies were taken at 0, 3, and 6 h. We determined 1) 2DG uptake, 2) total AMPKα activity, AMPK, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and AS160 phosphorylation, and 3) ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Ten milligrams per kilogram per hour AICAR increased 2DG uptake by 2.9 ± 0.7-fold in young men ( P < 0.001), 1.8 ± 0.2-fold in older men ( P < 0.01), and 1.6 ± 0.1-fold in men with T2D; 20 mg·kg ⁻¹·h ⁻¹ AICAR increases were 2.5 ± 0.1-fold (older men, P < 0.001) and 2.2 ± 0.2-fold (men with T2D, P < 0.001). At 3-h AMPK activity and AMPK, ACC and AS160 phosphorylation were unchanged, but ERK1/2 phosphorylation increased at both AICAR doses. The fold changes of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and 2DG uptake closely correlated ( R ² = 0.55, P = 0.003). AICAR stimulates muscle 2DG uptake in T2D to the same extent as in healthy age-matched controls, but there is an age-related reduction.