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      Expression and Significances of Contactin-1 in Human Gastric Cancer

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          Abstract

          Background. This study aimed at determining the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), and contactin-1 (CNTN-1) expression in gastric cancer (GC). Methods. The expression level of CNTN-1 mRNA and CNTN-1 protein of 33 cases was determined using RT-PCR and Western Blot. And 105 cases were immunohistochemically examined for VEGF-C, VEGFR-3, and CNTN-1 expressions. Assessment of lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was also performed by D2-40 immunostaining. Then we analyzed the relationships between VEGF-C, VEGFR-3, and CNTN-1, as well as their correlations with clinicopathologic features, LVD, and survival time. Results. The positivity rate of VEGF-C, VEGFR-3, and CNTN-1 in primary tumor was 56.19%, 64.76%, and 58.09%. The expression of CNTN-1 significantly correlated with VEGF-C ( P < 0.001) and VEGFR-3 ( P < 0.001). All of them were closely related to TNM stage, lymphatic invasion, and lymph node involvement ( P < 0.05). LVD was significantly correlated with VEGF-C ( P = 0.001), VEGFR-3 ( P = 0.011), and CNTN-1 expression ( P < 0.001). VEGF-C, VEGFR-3, and CNTN-1 expression significantly associated with poorer prognosis ( P < 0.001, P = 0.034, P = 0.012, resp.). Conclusion. CNTN-1 associated with VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression in GC. All of them correlated with lymphatic metastasis, which might play an important role in the lymphatic invasion via lymphangiogenesis pathway in GC.

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          The molecular genetics of cancer.

          The search for genetic damage in neoplastic cells now occupies a central place in cancer research. Diverse examples of such damage are in hand, and they in turn hint at biochemical explanations for neoplastic growth. The way may be open to solve the riddles of how normal cells govern their replication and why cancer cells do not.
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            Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes breast carcinoma invasion in an autocrine manner by regulating the chemokine receptor CXCR4.

            We report that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a major angiogenic factor, is also arequisite autocrine factor for breast carcinoma invasion in vitro and that the VEGF receptor Neuropilin-1 but not Flt-1 is essential for this function. VEGF regulates expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, and this VEGF target is needed for invasion but not for cell survival. CXCR4 mediates migration of breast carcinoma cells toward stromal-derived factor-1, and this migration is dependent on autocrine VEGF. Of interest, a CXCR4-inhibitory peptide that is currently in HIV clinical trials suppressed invasion. Our findings indicate that a VEGF autocrine pathway induces chemokine receptor expression in breast carcinoma cells, thus promoting their directed migration toward specific chemokines.
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              Suppression of prostate cancer nodal and systemic metastasis by blockade of the lymphangiogenic axis.

              Lymph node involvement denotes a poor outcome for patients with prostate cancer. Our group, along with others, has shown that initial tumor cell dissemination to regional lymph nodes via lymphatics also promotes systemic metastasis in mouse models. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of suppressive therapies targeting either the angiogenic or lymphangiogenic axis in inhibiting regional lymph node and systemic metastasis in subcutaneous and orthotopic prostate tumor xenografts. Both androgen-dependent and more aggressive androgen-independent prostate tumors were used in our investigations. Interestingly, we observed that the threshold for dissemination is lower in the vascular-rich prostatic microenvironment compared with subcutaneously grafted tumors. Both vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) ligand trap (sVEGFR-3) and antibody directed against VEGFR-3 (mF4-31C1) significantly reduced tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis to regional lymph nodes and distal vital organs without influencing tumor growth. Conversely, angiogenic blockade by short hairpin RNA against VEGF or anti-VEGFR-2 antibody (DC101) reduced tumor blood vessel density, significantly delayed tumor growth, and reduced systemic metastasis, although it was ineffective in reducing lymphangiogenesis or nodal metastasis. Collectively, these data clarify the utility of vascular therapeutics in prostate tumor growth and metastasis, particularly in the context of the prostate microenvironment. Our findings highlight the importance of lymphangiogenic therapies in the control of regional lymph node and systemic metastasis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Gastroenterol Res Pract
                Gastroenterol Res Pract
                GRP
                Gastroenterology Research and Practice
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                1687-6121
                1687-630X
                2013
                31 March 2013
                : 2013
                : 210205
                Affiliations
                1Department of General Surgery, Shanghai 3rd People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Shanghai 201900, China
                2Department of Pathology, Shanghai 3rd People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-tong University, Shanghai 201900, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Eldon A. Shaffer

                Article
                10.1155/2013/210205
                3626361
                23606831
                e5a3b6e3-756a-4195-bc4e-7abe69a8f174
                Copyright © 2013 Ji-Wei Yu et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 26 April 2012
                : 19 February 2013
                Categories
                Clinical Study

                Gastroenterology & Hepatology
                Gastroenterology & Hepatology

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