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      Whole animal matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry of ticks – Are spectra of Ixodes ricinus nymphs influenced by environmental, spatial, and temporal factors?

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          Abstract

          In the recent years matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has become a useful tool to characterize arthropod species and their different stages of development. It was reported for sand flies and mosquitoes at immature stages and also assumed for ticks that geographic location can have a subtle influence on MALDI-TOF mass spectra which allows the discrimination of animals with specific local variations of the MALDI-TOF MS phenotype. It is so far uncertain, however, if these mass-spectrometric differences are based on genetic variation or on spectral features which depend on environmental or temporal features. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the geographic location, environmental factors and the season of the year on the MALDI-TOF mass spectra of Ixodes (I. ) ricinus nymphs and if spectral variation would allow to draw conclusions with respect to the tick’s provenience or conditions that influence the tick life cycle. Application of multivariate statistical models on spectra of ticks collected in different seasons and different habitats and locations within Germany showed that the impact of the location seemed to be small while season and habitat seemed to have stronger impact on the MALDI-TOF mass spectra. Possibilities and limitations of MALDI-TOF mass spectra to draw conclusions on the tick life cycle are discussed.

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          Most cited references15

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          The ecology of ticks and epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases.

          A number of tick-borne diseases of humans have increased in incidence and geographic range over the past few decades, and there is concern that they will pose an even greater threat to public health in future. Although global warming is often cited as the underlying mechanism favoring the spread of tick-borne diseases, climate is just one of many factors that determine which tick species are found in a given geographic region, their population density, the likelihood that they will be infected with microbes pathogenic for humans and the frequency of tick-human contact. This article provides basic information needed for microbiologists to understand the many factors that affect the geographic range and population density of ticks and the risk of human exposure to infected ticks. It first briefly summarizes the life cycle and basic ecology of ticks and how ticks and vertebrate hosts interact, then reviews current understanding of the role of climate, sociodemographic factors, agricultural development and changes in human behavior that affect the incidence of tick-borne diseases. These concepts are then illustrated in specific discussions of tick-borne encephalitis and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            Tick microbiome and pathogen acquisition altered by host blood meal

            Lyme disease, a zoonotic disease, is the most prevalent vector-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere. Diversity of the vector (tick) microbiome can impact pathogen transmission, yet the biotic and abiotic factors that drive microbiome diversity are largely unresolved, especially under natural, field conditions. We describe the microbiome of Ixodes pacificus ticks, the vector for Lyme disease in the western United States, and show a strong impact of host blood meal identity on tick microbiome species richness and composition. Western fence lizards, a host that is refractory to the Lyme disease pathogen, significantly reduces microbiome diversity in ticks relative to ticks that feed on a mammalian reservoir host. Host blood meal-driven reduction of tick microbiome diversity may have lifelong repercussions on I. pacificus vector competency and ultimately disease dynamics.
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              Classification and Identification of Bacteria by Mass Spectrometry and Computational Analysis

              Background In general, the definite determination of bacterial species is a tedious process and requires extensive manual labour. Novel technologies for bacterial detection and analysis can therefore help microbiologists in minimising their efforts in developing a number of microbiological applications. Methodology We present a robust, standardized procedure for automated bacterial analysis that is based on the detection of patterns of protein masses by MALDI mass spectrometry. We particularly applied the approach for classifying and identifying strains in species of the genus Erwinia. Many species of this genus are associated with disastrous plant diseases such as fire blight. Using our experimental procedure, we created a general bacterial mass spectra database that currently contains 2800 entries of bacteria of different genera. This database will be steadily expanded. To support users with a feasible analytical method, we developed and tested comprehensive software tools that are demonstrated herein. Furthermore, to gain additional analytical accuracy and reliability in the analysis we used genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms by mass spectrometry to unambiguously determine closely related strains that are difficult to distinguish by only relying on protein mass pattern detection. Conclusions With the method for bacterial analysis, we could identify fire blight pathogens from a variety of biological sources. The method can be used for a number of additional bacterial genera. Moreover, the mass spectrometry approach presented allows the integration of data from different biological levels such as the genome and the proteome.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                15 January 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 1
                : e0210590
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
                [2 ] Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
                [3 ] Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
                University of Maryland, College Park, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7455-803X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5359-8243
                Article
                PONE-D-18-29171
                10.1371/journal.pone.0210590
                6333373
                30645604
                e5ba3e3c-507d-43e8-bff6-07510a9f4f60
                © 2019 Karger et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 8 October 2018
                : 25 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 10
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809, Umweltbundesamt;
                Award ID: UFOPLAN 3708 49 400
                Award Recipient :
                The authors wish to thank the German Federal Environmental Agency for travel expenses (connected with UFOPLAN 3708 49 400) that allowed us to collect ticks at different places and at different seasons. Besides travel expenses no further funding for this study occurred, neither from the German Federal Environmental Agency nor from any other intern or extern funders. All the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Analytical Chemistry
                Mass Spectrometry
                Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Spectrum Analysis Techniques
                Mass Spectrometry
                Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Life Cycles
                Nymphs
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics
                Statistical Models
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecosystems
                Forests
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecosystems
                Forests
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Terrestrial Environments
                Forests
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Flowering Plants
                Ricinus
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Analytical Chemistry
                Mass Spectrometry
                Mass Spectra
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Spectrum Analysis Techniques
                Mass Spectrometry
                Mass Spectra
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Habitats
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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