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      Crisis asmática grave en niños de 6 a 13 años: análisis y seguimiento posterior al egreso de la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Translated title: Severe asthmatic crisis in children aged 6 through 13 years: analysis and follow up after discharge from the intensive care unit

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Costa Rica es uno de los países que ocupa una de las más altas prevalencias de asma bronquial en niños y adolescentes reportadas a nivel mundial. Se conoce muy poco sobre la prevalencia del asma grave en niños costarricenses y sobre la forma en que nuestro sistema de salud ha brindado apoyo y seguimiento médico a nivel ambulatorio, una vez que los pacientes pediátricos egresan de una unidad de cuidados intensivos posterior a una crisis asmática grave. Se plantea describir las características demográficas, epidemiológicas, las características clínicas, el plan de manejo ambulatorio, la condición actual y la mortalidad de niños asmáticos que egresaron de unidad de cuidados intensivos luego de una crisis asmática grave. Métodos: Se revisaron, en forma retrospectiva, los expedientes clínicos de todos aquellos niños de ambos sexos, con edades de 6 a 13 años, que egresaron de la unidad de cuidados intensivos con el diagnóstico de crisis asmática grave, entre enero 2000 a diciembre 2006. Posteriormente, en forma prospectiva, se contactó a una muestra de 20 pacientes y sus padres en la consulta externa de Neumología del Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", donde se aplicó un cuestionario y se realizó una espirometría. Resultados: En total se revisaron 75 expedientes de los cuales 33 eran del género masculino y 42 del género femenino. Más de la mitad de los niños tenían entre 6 y 9 años. La mayoría provenían de San José. El internamiento en la unidad de cuidados intensivos en la mayoría de los niños estuvo entre 2 y 4 días. Casi todos los pacientes eran conocidos asmáticos y recibían tratamiento. La principal indicación para el ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos fue la necesidad de una infusión de salbutamol. Dentro de las drogas administradas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos todos recibieron salbutamol y bromuro de ipratropium en nebulización. Otras drogas utilizadas fueron los esteroides intravenosos, salbutamol intravenoso, aminofilina IV, sulfato de magnesio y antibióticos. La ventilación mecánica se utilizó en 14 pacientes. De los 20 pacientes entrevistados continuaban con sintomatología persistente y habían experimentado otra crisis asmática 6 pacientes. Además se determinó que al menos 40 pacientes continuaban control en consulta externa de neumología del Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera". Falleció 1 paciente para una mortalidad de 1,33% en 7 años. Conclusiones: Este estudio demuestra que el número de internamientos por asma en el Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera" ha disminuido consistentemente en los últimos seis años, y particularmente en los últimos tres. El comportamiento del número de ingresos por asma grave a la unidad de cuidados intensivos sigue un patrón similar al descrito en las hospitalizaciones por asma en el hospital, con un promedio de 11 pacientes por año en los últimos 7 años, pero llegando a tan solo 6 pacientes en el año 2006. La distribución de esta población por género es muy similar, con un ligero predominio del sexo femenino. El 50% de los pacientes admitidos por asma grave a la unidad de cuidados intensivos eran menores de 8 años, al mismo tiempo que se observa una baja tasa de admisión entre pre-adolescentes de ambos sexos. Las cuatro indicaciones más comunes por las cuales un paciente fue admitido a la unidad de cuidados intensivos con asma grave fueron: 1. La necesidad de iniciar tratamiento con salbutamol en infusión continua endovenosa (70%); 2. Fallo ventilatorio inminente (20%); 3. fugas de aire (neumotórax, neumopericardio, enfisema subcutáneo) (2%) y 4. Otras (8%). En la actualidad la experiencia clínica ha demostrado que los pacientes con infusión IV de salbutalmol, pueden ser manejados en forma segura, con monitoreo no invasivo a nivel de las salas de observación en los servicios de urgencias, o bien en los salones de hospitalización general. A pesar de las controversias en torno a la eficacia real de la aminofilina y los efectos adversos que se le atribuyen, esta sigue siendo parte del tratamiento del status asmático en muchos centros y es aún recomendada por la mayoría de las guías internacionales sobre el manejo del asma.

          Translated abstract

          Aim: Costa Rica is one of the countries with a highest prevalence of asthma in children and adolescents worldwide. The purpose of this study was to describe all the children aged 6 to 13 years, admitted to a ICU between January 2000 to December 2006 because of a acute severe asthmatic crisis. Methods: We review the medical charts of all the patients and interviewed a random sample of 20 parents. Parents were asked about the child’s condition after he was delivered of the hospital, their asthma management practices, the severity of the symptoms and the present medications. Also, their children receive spirometry testing. Results: A total of 75 patients were included in the analysis; 33 were boys and 42 girls. The main decision to admit the children to the ICU was to commence an IV infusion of salbutamol (75.6%). Other pharmacologic agents used included nebulized B2 agonists (100%), nebulized ipratropium bromide (100%), IV steroids (93%) , IV aminophylline (56%), magnesium sulfate (28%) and antibiotics (40%). Mechanical ventilation was necessary in 18.6% of admissions. The average stay for our patient group in ICU was 3.28 days. After the hospitalization, there was at least 10 patients of the random sample without follow-up and 11 receiving no preventive-treatment. Conclusions: There has been a decrease in the number of hospital admissions for asthma in the past 6 years. Actually, it has been demonstrated that salbutamol IV is safely and effective in treating infants with acute severe exacerbations of asthma not necessarily in a ICU. Families often do not have written asthma action plans. Effective outpatient care is believed to prevent hospitalization and emergency department visits resulting from childhood asthma.

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          Most cited references37

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          Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma

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            Intravenous magnesium sulfate treatment for acute asthma in the emergency department: a systematic review of the literature.

            There is some evidence that magnesium, when infused into asthmatic patients, can produce bronchodilation in addition to that obtained from standard treatments. This systematic review examined the effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate used for patients with acute asthma managed in the emergency department. Only randomized controlled trials were eligible for inclusion. Studies were included if patients presented with acute asthma and were treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate versus placebo. Trials were identified from the Cochrane Airways Review Group register, which consists of a combined search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases and hand-searching of 20 key respiratory journals. Bibliographies from included studies and known reviews were searched. Primary authors and content experts were contacted. Data were extracted and methodologic quality was assessed independently by 2 reviewers. Missing data were obtained from authors. Seven trials (5 adult, 2 pediatric) involving a total of 668 patients were included. Overall, admission to hospital was not statistically reduced using magnesium sulfate (odds ratio [OR] 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09 to 1.02). In the severe subgroup, admissions were reduced in those receiving magnesium sulfate (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.27). Overall, patients receiving magnesium sulfate demonstrated nonsignificant improvements in peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) when all studies were pooled (weighted mean difference [WMD] 29 L/min, 95% CI -3 to 62). In studies of patients with severe acute asthma, PEFR WMD improved by 52 L/min (95% CI 27 to 78) favoring magnesium sulfate treatment. The absolute FEV(1) also improved by 10% predicted (95% CI 4 to 16) in patients with severe acute asthma. No clinically important changes in vital signs or side effects were reported. Current evidence does not clearly support routine use of intravenous magnesium sulfate in all patients with acute asthma presenting to the ED. However, magnesium sulfate appears to be safe and beneficial for patients who present with severe acute asthma. Practice guidelines need to be changed to reflect these results.
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              Magnesium sulfate for treating exacerbations of acute asthma in the emergency department.

              Treatment of acute asthma is based on rapid reversal of bronchospasm and arresting airway inflammation. There is some evidence that intravenous magnesium can provide additional bronchodilation when given in conjunction with standard bronchodilating agents and corticosteroids. No systematic review of this literature has been completed on this topic. To examine the effect of additional intravenous magnesium sulfate in patients with acute asthma managed in the emergency department. Randomised controlled trials were identified from the Cochrane Airways Review Group register. Bibliographies from included studies, known reviews and texts were searched. Primary authors and content experts were contacted. Randomised controlled trials or quasi-randomised trials were eligible for inclusion. Studies were included if patients presented with acute asthma and were treated with IV magnesium sulfate vs placebo. Data were extracted and methodological quality was assessed independently by two reviewers. Missing data were obtained from authors. Seven trials were included (5 adult, 2 pediatric). A total of 665 patients were involved. Patients receiving magnesium sulfate demonstrated non-significant improvements in peak expiratory flow rates when all studies were pooled (weighted mean difference: 29.4 L/min; 95% confidence interval: -3.4 to 62). In studies of people with severe acute asthma, peak expiratory flow rate improved by 52.3 L/min (95% confidence interval: 27 to 77.5). The forced expiratory volume in one second also improved by 9.8 % predicted (95% confidence interval: 3.8 to 15.8). Overall, admission to hospital was not reduced, odds ratio: 0.31 (95% confidence interval: 0.09 to 1.02). In the severe subgroup, admissions were reduced in those receiving magnesium sulfate (odds ratio: 0.10, 95% confidence interval: 0.04 to 0.27). No clinically important changes in vital signs or adverse side effects were reported. Current evidence does not support routine use of intravenous magnesium sulfate in all patients with acute asthma presenting to the emergency department. Magnesium sulfate appears to be safe and beneficial in patients who present with severe acute asthma.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                apc
                Acta Pediátrica Costarricense
                Acta pediátr. costarric
                Asociación Costarricense de Pediatría (San José )
                1409-0090
                2009
                : 21
                : 1
                : 33-40
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica
                [2 ] Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social Costa Rica
                Article
                S1409-00902009000100005
                e5d95e30-5df5-4521-b966-7cbff65d6e73

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Costa Rica

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1409-0090&lng=en

                severe asthmatic crisis,intensive care,children,Crisis asmática grave,cuidados intensivos,pediatría

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