Association Between Chronic Renal Disease and the Risk of Glaucoma Development: A 12-year Nationwide Cohort Study

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to present the results of our investigation into the risk of glaucoma development in patients with chronic renal disease (CRD).

Methods

The present retrospective cohort study used the Korean National Health Insurance Service data, which consisted of 1,025,340 random subjects who were tracked from 2002 to 2013. Newly diagnosed glaucoma and CRD were included on the basis of the Korean Classification of Disease codes. The CRD group consisted of patients who received an initial CRD diagnosis between January 2003 and December 2007 as an index period ( n = 3640). The control group ( n = 17,971) was selected using 1:5 propensity-score matching using social and demographic factors, along with the year of enrollment. Each group subject was followed until 2013. We used multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to compare the risk of glaucoma development between the two groups.

Results

Glaucoma consecutively developed in 4.3% in the CRD group and 2.8% in the control group ( P < 0.0001). CRD increased the risk of glaucoma development (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.34–1.98] after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, residence, household income, and the year of enrollment. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, patients with comorbidity of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or aged ≥ 50 years showed a significantly higher risk of glaucoma development (all P < 0.008).

Conclusions

A significant association between CRD and following development of glaucoma was revealed after adjusting the potential confounding factors.

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Most cited references 41

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The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020.

H A Quigley (2006)

To estimate the number of people with open angle (OAG) and angle closure glaucoma (ACG) in 2010 and 2020. A review of published data with use of prevalence models. Data from population based studies of age specific prevalence of OAG and ACG that satisfied standard definitions were used to construct prevalence models for OAG and ACG by age, sex, and ethnicity, weighting data proportional to sample size of each study. Models were combined with UN world population projections for 2010 and 2020 to derive the estimated number with glaucoma. There will be 60.5 million people with OAG and ACG in 2010, increasing to 79.6 million by 2020, and of these, 74% will have OAG. Women will comprise 55% of OAG, 70% of ACG, and 59% of all glaucoma in 2010. Asians will represent 47% of those with glaucoma and 87% of those with ACG. Bilateral blindness will be present in 4.5 million people with OAG and 3.9 million people with ACG in 2010, rising to 5.9 and 5.3 million people in 2020, respectively. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, disproportionately affecting women and Asians.

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Is Open Access

Data Resource Profile: The National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea

Sang Cheol Seong, Yeon-Yong Kim, Young-Ho Khang … (2016)

Data resource basics The National Health Information Database (NHID) is a public database on health care utilization, health screening, socio-demographic variables, and mortality for the whole population of South Korea, formed by the National Health Insurance Service. The population included in the data is over 50 million, and the participation rate in the health screening programs was 74.8% in 2014. The NHID covers data between 2002 and 2014. Those insured by NHI pay insurance contributions and receive medical services from their health care providers. The NHIS, as the single insurer, pays costs based on the billing records of health care providers (Figure 1). To govern and carry out these processes in the NHI, the NHIS built a data warehouse to collect the required information on insurance eligibility, insurance contributions, medical history, and medical institutions. In 2012, the NHIS formed the NHID using information from medical treatment and health screening records and eligibility data from an existing database system. Figure 1. The governance of the National Health Insurance of South Korea. Data collected The eligibility database includes information about income-based insurance contributions, demographic variables, and date of death. The national health screening database includes information on health behaviors and bio-clinical variables. The health care utilization database includes information on records on inpatient and outpatient usage (diagnosis, length of stay, treatment costs, services received) and prescription records (drug code, days prescribed, daily dosage). The long-term care insurance database includes information about activities of daily living and service grades. The health care provider database includes data about the types of institutions, human resources, and equipment. In the NHID, de-identified join keys replacing the personal identifiers are used to interlink these databases. Data resource use Papers published covered various diseases or health conditions like infectious diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and injuries and risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity. The impacts of health care and public health policies on health care utilization have been also explored since the data include all the necessary information reflecting patterns of health care utilization. Reasons to be cautious First, information on diagnosis and disease may not be optimal for identifying disease occurrence and prevalence since the data have been collected for medical service claims and reimbursement. However, the NHID also collects prescription data with secondary diagnosis, so the accuracy of the disease information can be improved. Second, the data linkage with other secondary national data is not widely available due to privacy issues in Korea. Governmental discussions on the statutory reform of data linkage using the NHID are under way. Collaboration and data access Access to the NHID can be obtained through the Health Insurance Data Service home page (http://nhiss.nhis.or.kr). An ethics approval from the researchers’ institutional review board is required with submission of a study proposal, which is reviewed by the NHIS review committee before providing data. Further inquiries on data use can be obtained by contacting the corresponding author. Funding and competing interests This work was supported by the NHIS in South Korea. The authors declare no competing interests.

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Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States.

Josef Coresh, Elizabeth Selvin, Lesley Stevens … (2007)

The prevalence and incidence of kidney failure treated by dialysis and transplantation in the United States have increased from 1988 to 2004. Whether there have been changes in the prevalence of earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) during this period is uncertain. To update the estimated prevalence of CKD in the United States. Cross-sectional analysis of the most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES 1988-1994 and NHANES 1999-2004), a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized adults aged 20 years or older in 1988-1994 (n = 15,488) and 1999-2004 (n = 13,233). Chronic kidney disease prevalence was determined based on persistent albuminuria and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Persistence of microalbuminuria (>30 mg/g) was estimated from repeat visit data in NHANES 1988-1994. The GFR was estimated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation reexpressed to standard serum creatinine. The prevalence of both albuminuria and decreased GFR increased from 1988-1994 to 1999-2004. The prevalence of CKD stages 1 to 4 increased from 10.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.2%-10.9%) in 1988-1994 to 13.1% (95% CI, 12.0%-14.1%) in 1999-2004 with a prevalence ratio of 1.3 (95% CI, 1.2-1.4). The prevalence estimates of CKD stages in 1988-1994 and 1999-2004, respectively, were 1.7% (95% CI, 1.3%-2.2%) and 1.8% (95% CI, 1.4%-2.3%) for stage 1; 2.7% (95% CI, 2.2%-3.2%) and 3.2% (95% CI, 2.6%-3.9%) for stage 2; 5.4% (95% CI, 4.9%-6.0%) and 7.7% (95% CI, 7.0%-8.4%) for stage 3; and 0.21% (95% CI, 0.15%-0.27%) and 0.35% (0.25%-0.45%) for stage 4. A higher prevalence of diagnosed diabetes and hypertension and higher body mass index explained the entire increase in prevalence of albuminuria but only part of the increase in the prevalence of decreased GFR. Estimation of GFR from serum creatinine has limited precision and a change in mean serum creatinine accounted for some of the increased prevalence of CKD. The prevalence of CKD in the United States in 1999-2004 is higher than it was in 1988-1994. This increase is partly explained by the increasing prevalence of diabetes and hypertension and raises concerns about future increased incidence of kidney failure and other complications of CKD.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci

Journal ID (pmc): iovs

Journal ID (publisher-id): IOVS

Title: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science

Publisher: The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

ISSN (Print): 0146-0404

ISSN (Electronic): 1552-5783

Publication date (Electronic): 27 May 2021

Publication date Collection: May 2021

Volume: 62

Issue: 6

Electronic Location Identifier: 27

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea

[2 ]lnstitute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea

[3 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

[4 ]Department of Ophthalmology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea

[5 ]STAT Department, LSK Global Pharma Services, Seoul, Republic of Korea

[6 ]Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Disease Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea

Author notes

Correspondence: Hyun-kyung Cho, Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, School of Medicine, 11 Samjeongja-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do, 51472, Republic of Korea; chohk@ 123456gnu.ac.kr , kanojo99@ 123456hanmail.net .

Article

Publisher ID: IOVS-20-30907

DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.27

PMC ID: 8164364

PubMed ID: 34043749

SO-VID: e6cc1e7a-b306-4d7b-ac7d-88569a310bf3

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

History

Date accepted : 03 May 2021

Date received : 10 July 2020

Page count

Pages: 8

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Association Between Chronic Renal Disease and the Risk of Glaucoma Development: A 12-year Nationwide Cohort Study

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Karger: Ophthalmology

Most cited references 41

The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020.

Data Resource Profile: The National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States.

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