Detection of Porcine Circovirus 3 in Wildlife Species in Spain

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Abstract

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) is the third member of the family Circoviridae, genus Circovirus, able to infect swine. A high prevalence of viral DNA has been recorded in wild boars. Recently, PCV-3 DNA was identified in Italian wild ruminants. Based on these previous results, this study assessed the frequency of PCV-3 DNA detection in free-ranging ruminants and Lagomorpha species in Spain. In addition, the genetic characterization of the PCV-3 PCR-positive samples was performed. A total of 801 serum samples, including red deer ( Cervus elaphus, [CE]; n = 108), roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus, [CC]; n = 87), Pyrenean chamois ( Rupicapra pyrenaica, [RP]; n = 133), Iberian ibex ( Capra pyrenaica, [CP]; n = 92), mouflon ( Ovis aries, [OA]; n = 91), fallow deer ( Dama dama, [DD]; n = 104), European rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus, [OC]; n = 101), and European hare ( Lepus europaeus, [LE]; n = 85) from Catalonia (northeast Spain) were tested by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and, when positive, sequenced. Overall, PCV-3 DNA was found in three out of 801 analyzed sera (0.37%) corresponding to one red deer (1/108, 0.9%), one mouflon (1/91, 1.1%), and one fallow deer (1/104, 0.96%). None of the samples collected from Lagomorpha species resulted PCR positive. The partial genome sequences detected in positive samples displayed high identity with some PCV-3 sequences detected in wild boars and domestic pigs (99.7% and 100%, respectively). In conclusion, the present study indicated that free-ranging ruminant and Lagomorpha species are not relevant in the epidemiology of PCV-3 in Spain.

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A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure

Rachel Palinski, Pablo Piñeyro, Pengcheng Shang … (2016)

Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) is clinically manifested by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), respiratory and enteric disease, reproductive failure, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is an essential component of PCVAD, although an etiologic role in PDNS is not well established. Here, a novel circovirus, designated porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), was identified in sows that died acutely with PDNS-like clinical signs. The capsid and replicase proteins of PCV3 are only 37% and 55% identical to PCV2 and bat circoviruses, respectively. Aborted fetuses from sows with PDNS contained high levels of PCV3 (7.57 × 107genome copies/ml), and no other viruses were detected by PCR and metagenomic sequencing. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of sow tissue samples identified PCV3 antigen in skin, kidney, lung, and lymph node samples localized in typical PDNS lesions, including necrotizing vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, granulomatous lymphadenitis, and bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Further study of archived PDNS tissue samples that were negative for PCV2 by IHC analysis identified 45 of 48 that were PCV3 positive by quantitative PCR (qPCR), with 60% of a subset also testing positive for PCV3 by IHC analysis. Analysis by qPCR of 271 porcine respiratory disease diagnostic submission samples identified 34 PCV3-positive cases (12.5%), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection of anti-PCV3 capsid antibodies in serum samples found that 46 (55%) of 83 samples tested were positive. These results suggest that PCV3 commonly circulates within U.S. swine and may play an etiologic role in reproductive failure and PDNS. Because of the high economic impact of PCV2, this novel circovirus warrants further studies to elucidate its significance and role in PCVAD.

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Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation

Tung Phan, Federico Giannitti, Stephanie Rossow … (2016)

Background Porcine circovirus 2 causes different clinical syndromes resulting in a significant economic loss in the pork industry. Three pigs with unexplained cardiac and multi-organ inflammation that tested negative for PCV2 and other known porcine pathogens were further analyzed. Methods Histology was used to identify microscopic lesions in multiple tissues. Metagenomics was used to detect viral sequences in tissue homogenates. In situ hybridization was used to detect viral RNA expression in cardiac tissue. Results In all three cases we characterized the genome of a new circovirus we called PCV3 with a replicase and capsid proteins showing 55 and 35 % identities to the genetically-closest proteins from a bat-feces associated circovirus and were even more distant to those of porcine circovirus 1 and 2. Common microscopic lesions included non-suppurative myocarditis and/or cardiac arteriolitis. Viral mRNA was detected intralesionally in cardiac cells. Deep sequencing in tissues also revealed the presence of porcine astrovirus 4 in all three animals as well as rotavirus A, porcine cytomegalovirus and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in individual cases. Conclusion The pathogenicity and molecular epidemiology of this new circovirus, alone or in the context of co-infections, warrants further investigations.

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Novel circovirus species identified in farmed pigs designated as Porcine circovirus 4, Hunan province, China

Hui-Hui Zhang, Wen-Qin Hu, Jie-Yu Li … (2020)

In pigs, three circovirus species within the genus Circovirus have been identified so far, including the non-pathogenic Porcine circovirus 1 (PCV1), the pathogenic Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and the recently identified Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3). In April 2019, a new circovirus with a distinct relationship to other circoviruses was identified in several pigs with severe clinical disease in Hunan province, China. The size of the viral genome, tentatively designated as porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4), is 1,770 nucleotides (nt). PCV4 shows the highest genomic identity to mink circovirus (66.9%) and has identities of 43.2%-51.5% to the other PCV genomes. Two major genes, a replicase (Rep) gene spanning 891 nt and a capsid (Cap) gene spanning 687 nt, were predicted. Furthermore, a TaqMan® real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the replicase gene was developed to investigate the prevalence of PCV4 in 187 clinical samples from Hunan province, China. The results revealed an overall PCV4 prevalence of 12.8%, with the highest positive rates in nasal swabs (28.5%, 6/21) followed by serum samples (13.4%, 11/82). The clinical significance and pathogenesis of this virus needs further investigation.

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Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pathogens

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pathogens

Journal ID (publisher-id): pathogens

Title: Pathogens

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2076-0817

Publication date (Electronic): 01 May 2020

Publication date Collection: May 2020

Volume: 9

Issue: 5

Electronic Location Identifier: 341

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; ewelina.czyzewska@ 123456piwet.pulawy.pl

[2 ]IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat, Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; joseignacio.nunez@ 123456irta.cat (J.I.N.); viviane.saporiti@ 123456irta.cat (V.S.); eva.huerta@ 123456irta.cat (E.H.); oscar.cabezon@ 123456uab.cat (O.C.)

[3 ]OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; joaquim.segales@ 123456irta.cat

[4 ]Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; carmeriutordfe@ 123456gmail.com

[5 ]Research and Conservation Department, Zoo de Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain

[6 ]UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat, Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain

[7 ]Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain

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[* ]Correspondence: marina.sibila@ 123456irta.cat

Author information

José I. Núñez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9890-7695

Joaquim Segalés https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1539-7261

Marina Sibila https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3867-1988

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Publisher ID: pathogens-09-00341

DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050341

PMC ID: 7281317

PubMed ID: 32369945

SO-VID: e7f23595-783f-4a44-a6a2-d268aeef34b3

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Detection of Porcine Circovirus 3 in Wildlife Species in Spain

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Most cited references 19

A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure

Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation

Novel circovirus species identified in farmed pigs designated as Porcine circovirus 4, Hunan province, China

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