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      Validity of the 32-item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) in a clinical sample with mood disorders in China

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          Abstract

          Background

          The 32-item Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32), a questionnaire for screening bipolar disorders, has been utilised in several countries, but it unclear if the Chinese version of the HCL-32 is valid.

          Methods

          Consecutive patients with bipolar disorders (BP, N = 300) and unipolar major depression (UP, N = 156) completed the Chinese version of the HCL-32. The subjects underwent a structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis-I disorders (SCID).

          Results

          The eigenvalues for the first three factors in the HCL-32 were calculated as 5.16 (active/elated), 2.72 (risk-taking) and 2.48 (irritable) using factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha for the HCL-32 was calculated to be 0.88. Positive responses to twenty-eight items were significantly more frequent by patients with BP than those with UP, and the other four items (7th, 21st, 25th and 32nd) showed no such trend. Fourteen was the optimal cut-off for discriminating between BP and UP. The HCL-32 distinguished between BP-II and UP, with 13 being the optimal cut-off. A cut-off of 13 yielded a sensitivity of 0.77 and a specificity of 0.62 between BP and UP.

          Conclusions

          This study demonstrated that the simplified Chinese version of HCL-32 was valid for patients with mood disorders. The optimal cut-off of 13 for distinguishing between BP-II and UP was valid and could be used to improve the sensitivity of screening BP-II patients when the HCL-32 is used in psychiatric settings in China.

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          Most cited references23

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          Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder.

          Amanda L Lewis, R Hirschfeld, Lana Vornik (2003)
          To assess the experience of selected individuals living with bipolar disorder and compare this experience with that of a similar group of individuals sampled in 1992. In June 2000, 4192 self-administered questionnaires were sent to National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association chapters for distribution to support group participants diagnosed with bipolar disorder. By July 31, 2000, the first 600 completed surveys were analyzed. Over one third of respondents sought professional help within 1 year of the onset of symptoms. Unfortunately, 69% were misdiagnosed, with the most frequent misdiagnosis being unipolar depression. Those who were misdiagnosed consulted a mean of 4 physicians prior to receiving the correct diagnosis. Over one third waited 10 years or more before receiving an accurate diagnosis. Despite having underreported manic symptoms, more than half believe their physicians' lack of understanding of bipolar disorder prevented a correct diagnosis from being made earlier. In 2000, the respondents reported a greater negative impact of bipolar disorder on families, social relationships, and employment than did the respondents in 1992. Overall, respondents were satisfied with their current treatment, which often included medication, talk therapy, and support groups. Respondents who were highly satisfied with their treatment provider had a more positive outlook on their illness and their ability to cope with it. Individuals with bipolar disorder reported that the illness manifests itself early in life but that accurate diagnosis lags by many years. The illness exacts great hardships on the individual and the family and has a profoundly negative effect on careers. These findings are very similar to those reported nearly a decade ago.
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            Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (revision).

            (2002)
            Article 0 comments Cited 62 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Outcome Network. II. Demographics and illness characteristics of the first 261 patients.

              Steven Post, Leah Leverich, T Suppes … (2001)
              Since recent NIMH Bipolar Disorder Workshops highlighted the dearth of longitudinal and controlled studies of bipolar illness, the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network (SFBN) has recruited a large cohort of patients with bipolar disorder to begin to address these issues. This report describes the demographics and course of illness characteristics of this study population. The first 261 outpatients to be diagnosed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and complete a detailed patient and a brief clinician questionnaire are described. All patients met DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I (n=211), bipolar II (n=42), or NOS (n=5) or schizoaffective (n=3), bipolar type. Chi-square and t-tests were used to examine statistically significant associations among important demographic and descriptive items. The general demographic and illness characteristics were similar to those in many bipolar clinical samples and not dissimilar from those reported in epidemiological surveys. The majority of patients had been hospitalized, with almost half reporting a worsening of illness over time, and two-thirds were not asymptomatic between episodes. First treatment for patients had been delayed by an average of 10 years from illness onset (by SCID). Almost a third of patients had attempted suicide at least once, and 30% reported current suicidal ideation at study entry. A total of 62% reported moderate to severe impact of the illness on occupational functioning. Early onset bipolar illness (< or =17 years old) was associated with increased frequency of mood switches, worsening course of illness, and history of early abuse (physical, verbal, or sexual). The SFBN represents a sample of predominantly BP I patients largely recruited from the community who will be followed in detail longitudinally, participate in clinical trials, and thus help advance our understanding and treatment of this life-threatening medical disorder. While there is a broad range of illness characteristics and severity, the majority of patients have been severely impacted by their illness despite the availability of multiple conventional treatment approaches in the community. These data further underscore the need for development of new and earlier treatment interventions. The SFBN population is limited by the lack of random selection and represents a cohort willing to be treated and followed intensively in academic tertiary referral centers. While its characteristics are similar to many clinical study populations, the generalizability to non-clinic populations remains uncertain.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Psychiatry
                Title: BMC Psychiatry
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-244X
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 May 2011
                Volume: 11
                Page: 84
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Mental Health Institute, the 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Zhong Road, Changsha 410011, China
                [2 ]Division of Mood Disorders, Shenzhen Mental Health Centre, Shenzhen 518020, China
                [3 ]Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
                [4 ]Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital, Switzerland
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1471-244X-11-84
                DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-84
                PMC ID: 3112081
                PubMed ID: 21575151
                SO-VID: e81f735f-5f3a-4a87-925c-dbab95bc0492
                Copyright © Copyright ©2011 Yang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 21 November 2010
                Date accepted : 15 May 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry

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