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      Production of glucosyltransferase B and glucans by Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from caries-free individuals

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          Abstract

          Glucosyltransferase B is an enzyme produced by Streptococcus mutans, which catalyzes synthesis from sucrose of insoluble glucans that provide support to the biofilm. It is one of the main virulence factors in the generation of dental caries. However, its role is unclear in caries-free individuals who carry the bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the production of glucosyltransferase B and the production of glucans by Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from biofilms of 30 caries-free individuals. Strains were grown in Todd Hewitt broth. Extracellular proteins were obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation and associated membrane proteins by extraction with urea. The presence of GtfB was determined by molecular weight by SDSPAGE and confirmed by Western blotting using a specific monoclonal antibody and polysaccharide production by electrophoretic separation, incubation with sucrose and Schiff staining. The results show that 96.7% of strains of Streptococcus mutans produce a band at the position of the molecular weight corresponding to the glucosyltransferases, of which 63.4% are positive by Western blot. Polysaccharides are produced by 93.3% of the strains. Conclusions: Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from biofilm of healthy individuals produce virulence factors associated with dental caries, such as glucans and glucosyltransferase B. This indicates that there are conditions in the oral cavity different from these factors that keep the individual free from dental caries, which should be investigated in the search for strategies to control the disease.

          Translated abstract

          La glucosiltranferasa B es una enzima producida por Streptococcus mutans, que a partir de la sacarosa, cataliza la síntesis de glucanos insolubles los cuales dan soporte a la biopelícula, siendo uno de los principales factores de virulencia para la generación de la caries dental. Sin embargo, no se ha esclarecido su papel en los individuos libre de caries, portadores del microorganismo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la producción de glucosiltransferasa B y la producción de glucanos por cepas de Streptococcus mutans aisladas de biopelícula de 30 individuos libres de caries. Las cepas fueron cultivadas en caldo Todd Hewitt y las proteínas extracelulares fueron obtenidas por precipitación con sulfato de amonio las proteínas asociadas a membrana por extracción con urea. La presencia de GtfB fue determinada por peso molecular por SDS-PAGE, confirmada por Western Blot utilizando un anticuerpo específico y la producción de polisacáridos por separación electroforética, incubación con sacarosa y coloración de Schiff. Los resultados muestran que el 96.7% de las cepas de Streptococcus mutans producen una banda a la altura del peso molecular correspondiente a las Gtf, de las cuales son reactivas por western blot el 63.4% El 93.3% de las cepas producen polisacáridos. Conclusiones: la cepas de Streptococcus mutans aisladas de biopelícula de individuos sanos producen factores de virulencia asociados a la caries dental como glucosiltransferasa B y glucanos lo que indica que hay condiciones en la cavidad oral diferentes a estos factores que mantienen al individuo libre de caries dental, los cuales deben ser investigados en la búsqueda de estrategias para controlar la enfermedad.

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          Most cited references34

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          Exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases modulate the establishment of microcolonies within multispecies biofilms.

          Streptococcus mutans is a key contributor to the formation of the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix in dental biofilms. The exopolysaccharides, which are mostly glucans synthesized by streptococcal glucosyltransferases (Gtfs), provide binding sites that promote accumulation of microorganisms on the tooth surface and further establishment of pathogenic biofilms. This study explored (i) the role of S. mutans Gtfs in the development of the EPS matrix and microcolonies in biofilms, (ii) the influence of exopolysaccharides on formation of microcolonies, and (iii) establishment of S. mutans in a multispecies biofilm in vitro using a novel fluorescence labeling technique. Our data show that the ability of S. mutans strains defective in the gtfB gene or the gtfB and gtfC genes to form microcolonies on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite surfaces was markedly disrupted. However, deletion of both gtfB (associated with insoluble glucan synthesis) and gtfC (associated with insoluble and soluble glucan synthesis) is required for the maximum reduction in EPS matrix and biofilm formation. S. mutans grown with sucrose in the presence of Streptococcus oralis and Actinomyces naeslundii steadily formed exopolysaccharides, which allowed the initial clustering of bacterial cells and further development into highly structured microcolonies. Concomitantly, S. mutans became the major species in the mature biofilm. Neither the EPS matrix nor microcolonies were formed in the presence of glucose in the multispecies biofilm. Our data show that GtfB and GtfC are essential for establishment of the EPS matrix, but GtfB appears to be responsible for formation of microcolonies by S. mutans; these Gtf-mediated processes may enhance the competitiveness of S. mutans in the multispecies environment in biofilms on tooth surfaces.
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            Natural genetic transformation of Streptococcus mutans growing in biofilms.

            Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium that has evolved to be dependent upon a biofilm "lifestyle" for survival and persistence in its natural ecosystem, dental plaque. We initiated this study to identify the genes involved in the development of genetic competence in S. mutans and to assay the natural genetic transformability of biofilm-grown cells. Using genomic analyses, we identified a quorum-sensing peptide pheromone signaling system similar to those previously found in other streptococci. The genetic locus of this system comprises three genes, comC, comD, and comE, that encode a precursor to the peptide competence factor, a histidine kinase, and a response regulator, respectively. We deduced the sequence of comC and its active pheromone product and chemically synthesized the corresponding 21-amino-acid competence-stimulating peptide (CSP). Addition of CSP to noncompetent cells facilitated increased transformation frequencies, with typically 1% of the total cell population transformed. To further confirm the roles of these genes in genetic competence, we inactivated them by insertion-duplication mutagenesis or allelic replacement followed by assays of transformation efficiency. We also demonstrated that biofilm-grown S. mutans cells were transformed at a rate 10- to 600-fold higher than planktonic S. mutans cells. Donor DNA included a suicide plasmid, S. mutans chromosomal DNA harboring a heterologous erythromycin resistance gene, and a replicative plasmid. The cells were optimally transformed during the formation of 8- to 16-h-old biofilms primarily consisting of microcolonies on solid surfaces. We also found that dead cells in the biofilms could act as donors of a chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance determinant. This work demonstrated that a peptide pheromone system controls genetic competence in S. mutans and that the system functions optimally when the cells are living in actively growing biofilms.
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              Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                aol
                Acta Odontológica Latinoamericana
                Acta odontol. latinoam.
                Sociedad Argentina de Investigación Odontológica (Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina )
                1852-4834
                December 2011
                : 24
                : 3
                : 258-264
                Affiliations
                [03] Bogotá orgnamePontificia Universidad Javeriana orgdiv1School of Dentistry orgdiv2Center for Dental Research Colombia
                [02] orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia orgdiv1School of Dentistry Colombia
                [01] Bogotá orgnamePontificia Universidad Javeriana orgdiv1School of Dentistry Colombia
                Article
                S1852-48342011000300007
                e82c1bdd-21b2-4b34-8bc9-0c1591b2ad43

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Argentina


                Streptococcus mutans,Glucanos,Caries dental,Glucosiltransferasa B,Virulence factors,Glucans,Dental caries,Glucosyltransferase B,Factores de virulencia

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