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      Ginsenoside Rg1 Improves In vitro-produced Embryo Quality by Increasing Glucose Uptake in Porcine Blastocysts

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          Abstract

          Ginsenoside Rg1 is a natural compound with various efficacies and functions. It has beneficial effects on aging, diabetes, and immunity, as well as antioxidant and proliferative functions. However, its effect on porcine embryo development remains unknown. We investigated the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the in vitro development of preimplantation porcine embryos after parthenogenetic activation in high-oxygen conditions. Ginsenoside treatment did not affect cleavage or blastocyst formation rates, but did increase the total cell number and reduced the rate of apoptosis. In addition, it had no effect on the expression of four apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer, B-cell lymphoma-extra large, Caspase 3, and tumor protein p53) or two metabolism-related genes (mechanistic target of rapamycin, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B), but increased the expression of Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), indicating that it may increase glucose uptake. In summary, treatment with the appropriate concentration of ginsenoside Rg1 (20 μg/mL) can increase glucose uptake, thereby improving the quality of embryos grown in high-oxygen conditions.

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          Control of apoptosis by p53.

          Jordan S Fridman, Scott Lowe (2003)
          The p53 tumor suppressor acts to integrate multiple stress signals into a series of diverse antiproliferative responses. One of the most important p53 functions is its ability to activate apoptosis, and disruption of this process can promote tumor progression and chemoresistance. p53 apparently promotes apoptosis through transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms that act in concert to ensure that the cell death program proceeds efficiently. Moreover, the apoptotic activity of p53 is tightly controlled, and is influenced by a series of quantitative and qualitative events that influence the outcome of p53 activation. Interestingly, other p53 family members can also promote apoptosis, either in parallel or in concert with p53. Although incomplete, our current understanding of p53 illustrates how apoptosis can be integrated into a larger tumor suppressor network controlled by different signals, environmental factors, and cell type. Understanding this network in more detail will provide insights into cancer and other diseases, and will identify strategies to improve their therapeutic treatment.
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            Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications.

            Jian-Ming Lü, Qizhi Yao, Changyi Chen (2009)
            Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines and is reported to have a wide range of therapeutic and pharmacological applications. Ginsenosides, the major pharmacologically active ingredients of ginseng, appear to be responsible for most of the activities of ginseng including vasorelaxation, antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer. Approximately 40 ginsenoside compounds have been identified. Researchers now focus on using purified individual ginsenoside to reveal the specific mechanism of functions of ginseng instead of using whole ginseng root extracts. Individual ginsenosides may have different effects in pharmacology and mechanisms due to their different chemical structures. Among them the most commonly studied ginsenosides are Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Re, Rd and Rh1. The molecular mechanisms and medical applications of ginsenosides have attracted much attention and hundreds of papers have been published in the last few years. The general purpose of this update is to provide information of recently described effects of ginsenosides on antioxidation, vascular system, signal transduction pathways and interaction with receptors. Their therapeutic applications in animal models and humans as well as the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of ginsenosides are also discussed in this review. This review concludes with some thoughts for future directions in the further development of ginseng compounds as effective therapeutic agents.
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              Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates dopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by suppressing oxidative stress.

              Chao Zhao, Chun Chen, Ying Chen … (2003)
              In Parkinson's disease, neuroprotective therapy to rescue dopamine neurons has been proposed. Ginsenoside Rg1, one of the biologically active ingredients of ginseng, may be a candidate neuroprotective drug. In the present study, the mechanism underlying the neuroprotection provided by ginsenosde Rg1 was studied against apoptosis induced by exogenous dopamine in PC12 cells. Pretreatment with ginsenoside Rg1 markedly reduced the generation of dopamine-induced reactive oxygen species and the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol, and subsequently inhibited the activation of caspase-3. In addition, Rg1 pretreatment also reduced inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase protein level and NO production. These results suggested that ginsenoside Rg1 may attenuate dopamine-induced apoptotic cell death through suppression of intracellular oxidative stress, and that it may rescue or protect dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Asian-Australas J Anim Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci
                Title: Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
                Publisher: Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (AAAP) and Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology (KSAST)
                ISSN (Print): 1011-2367
                ISSN (Electronic): 1976-5517
                Publication date (Print): August 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 October 2015
                Volume: 29
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 1095-1101
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
                [2 ]Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
                [3 ]Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 232-916, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Author: Chang-Kyu Lee. Tel: +82-2-880-4805, Fax: +82-2-873-4805, E-mail: leeck@ 123456snu.ac.kr
                Article
                Publisher ID: ajas-29-8-1095
                DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0678
                PMC ID: 4932562
                PubMed ID: 26954154
                SO-VID: e87df98a-9009-4925-be4c-4193f283679b
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016 by Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 15 August 2015
                Date revision received : 01 October 2015
                Date accepted : 16 October 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: ginsenoside rg1,in vitro culture,metabolism,embryo,pig
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ginsenoside rg1, in vitro culture, metabolism, embryo, pig

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