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      A survey of tire-breeding mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Dominican Republic: Considerations about a pressing issue Translated title: Estudio de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) que se desarrollan en neumáticos en República Dominicana: consideraciones sobre un problema acuciante

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          Abstract

          Introduction:

          Discarded vehicle tires represent a serious threat both to the environment and to public health as they have the potential to harbor important mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors.

          Objective:

          To assess the importance of used vehicle tires as larval habitats for mosquito fauna that colonize these artificial reservoirs in Jarabacoa, Dominican Republic.

          Materials and methods:

          Used tires were sampled with pipettes at specialized tire fitting shops and scattered stockpiles of tires between June and August, 2018.

          Results:

          We sampled 396 tires; 57 (Container Index=14.4%) were positive for immature stages and contained 2,400 specimens, 11 species, and four genera ( Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, and Toxorhynchites). The most abundant species was Aedes albopictus (42.3%) followed by Aedes aegypti (34.3%), and Culex quinquefasciatus (14.0%) while other species (9.4%) were less abundant. The container index varied significantly among the different tire sizes (x 2=13.4; p≤0.05). The highest infestation levels were found in the largest tires. A low positive correlation (r=0.38, n=396; p≤0.001) between the tire size and the prevalence of immature stages was recorded. The presence of organic matter had an overall positive effect on the infestation levels (U=11,430.0; p≤0.001).

          Conclusions:

          These rubber residues, usually located nearby human populations, represent suitable breeding sites for arboviruses vectors such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and West Nile.

          Resumen

          Introducción.

          Los neumáticos usados representan una grave amenaza para el medio ambiente y la salud pública, ya que tienen el potencial de albergar mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) vectores de enfermedades.

          Objetivo.

          Evaluar la importancia de los neumáticos usados como hábitats larvarios de mosquitos que colonizan estos recipientes artificiales en Jarabacoa, República Dominicana.

          Materiales y métodos.

          Se muestrearon mediante pipetas neumáticos usados en tiendas de venta y reparación y en vertederos entre junio y agosto de 2018.

          Resultados.

          Se muestrearon 396 neumáticos; 57 (índice de contenedor=14,4 %) albergaban estados inmaduros que contenían 2.400 especímenes de 11 especies y cuatro géneros ( Anopheles, Aedes, Culex y Toxorhynchites). La especie más abundante fue Aedes albopictus (42,3 %) seguida de Aedes aegypti (34,3 %) y Culex quinquefasciatus (14,0 %), entre otras (9,4 %) de menor abundancia. El índice de contenedor varió significativamente según el tamaño del neumático (x 2=13,4; p≤0,05) y los mayores niveles de infestación se registraron en los neumáticos de mayor tamaño. Se observó una baja correlación positiva (r=0,38; n=396; p≤0,001) entre el tamaño de neumático y la prevalencia de estadios inmaduros. La presencia de materia orgánica tuvo un efecto positivo sobre los niveles de infestación de mosquitos (U=11430,0; p≤0,001).

          Conclusiones.

          Estos residuos de caucho, generalmente almacenados cerca de las poblaciones humanas, son propicios para la reproducción de vectores de arbovirus como el dengue, el chikungunya, el Zika y el West Nile.

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          Most cited references54

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          The used tire trade: a mechanism for the worldwide dispersal of container breeding mosquitoes.

          Modern transportation methods have facilitated an extensive trade in used tires at the national and international level. The history and reasons for this trade are described. Comprehensive data on United States imports and United States, Japanese, and Korean exports of used tires for the period 1978-85 reveal an unprecedented potential for the worldwide dispersal of important vector mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti. Other articles of commerce with similar potential may await recognition.
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            Breeding Sites of Aedes aegypti: Potential Dengue Vectors in Dire Dawa, East Ethiopia

            Background and Objectives. Entomological survey was carried out from May-June to September-October 2014 to investigate the presence of dengue vectors in discarded tires and artificial water containers in houses and peridomestic areas. Methods. A cross-sectional immature stage survey was done indoors and outdoors in 301 houses. Mosquito larval sampling was conducted using pipette or dipper depending on container types. Larvae were identified morphologically and larval indices were also calculated. Results. A total of 750 containers were inspected, and of these 405 were positive for mosquito larvae. A total of 1,873 larvae were collected and morphologically identified as Aedes aegypti (n = 1580: 84.4%) and Culex (n = 293: 15.6%). The larval indices, house index, container index, and breteau index, varied from 33.3 to 86.2, from 23.2 to 73.9, and from 56.5 to 188.9, respectively. Conclusion. Aedes aegypti is breeding in a wide range of artificial containers. To control these mosquitoes, the integration of different methods should be taken into consideration.
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              Tires as habitats for mosquitoes: a review of studies within the eastern United States.

              Lisa Yee (2008)
              Discarded vehicle tires are a common habitat for a variety of container mosquito species. I reviewed the literature from the last 50 yr on mosquitoes collected within tires in the eastern United States with four objectives: to examine the historical and contemporary issues of tires as a habitat for mosquitoes, to identify tire-inhabiting species, to summarize findings from studies that focused on biotic and abiotic characteristics of tires, and to offer future directions to aid our understanding of tire-inhabiting mosquitoes. Thirty-two species have been documented, including seven invasives, with the most frequently encountered being Aedes triseriatus, Ae. albopictus, Ae. atropalpus, Culex restuans, Cx. pipiens, Cx. territans, Anopheles punctipennis, and Toxorhynchites rutilus. The proclivity of these species to occupy small containers is one possible explanation for their occurrence in tires. The native species Ae. triseriatus was abundant and the most often collected, particularly in central and northern regions, whereas the invasive Ae. albopictus was most abundant in the south. One half of the studies investigating aspects of the tire environment compared mosquito populations between sunlit and shaded tires, with the general finding that this factor alone led to dramatic differences in larval species composition and abundance patterns. Less frequently investigated factors, e.g., tire orientation, detritus, and proximity to humans, also were found to affect patterns of occupancy by mosquitoes. For the future, I suggest more surveys are needed in understudied areas, as well as quantitative experiments to determine habitat associations and community dynamics in tires, which are especially necessary to assist in understanding invasions. Discarded tires are important for studies of vector dynamics, because of their abundance near human populations and because they expand the habitat range of mosquitoes that vector pathogens.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biomedica
                Biomedica
                bio
                Biomédica
                Instituto Nacional de Salud
                0120-4157
                2590-7379
                30 June 2020
                June 2020
                : 40
                : 3
                : 507-515
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalDepartamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Bizkaia, España orgnameNEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario Bizkaia, España
                [2 ] originalLaboratorio de Entomología, Universidad Agroforestal Fernando Arturo de Meriño (UAFAM), Jarabacoa, República Dominicana orgnameUniversidad Agroforestal Fernando Arturo de Meriño (UAFAM) Jarabacoa, República Dominicana
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author: Pedro María Alarcón-Elbal, Laboratorio de Entomología, Universidad Agroforestal Fernando Arturo de Meriño (UAFAM), Avenida Norberto Tiburcio N o 37, Jarabacoa, República Dominicana Telephone: (809) 664 9235 pedro.alarcon@ 123456uv.es
                Article
                10.7705/biomedica.5200
                7666857
                33030829
                e94f82dc-7b56-47c5-ab08-cf0fc61b88d2

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 14 September 2019
                : 17 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Original Article

                culicidae,aedes,arboviruses,tires,dominican republic,arbovirus,neumáticos,república dominicana

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