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      STLV-1 as a model for studying HTLV-1 infection

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          Abstract

          Few years after HTLV-1 identification and isolation in humans, STLV-1, its simian counterpart, was discovered. It then became clear that STLV-1 is present almost in all simian species. Subsequent molecular epidemiology studies demonstrated that, apart from HTLV-1 subtype A, all human subtypes have a simian homolog. As HTLV-1, STLV-1 is the etiological agent of ATL, while no case of TSP/HAM has been described. Given its similarities with HTLV-1, STLV-1 represents a unique tool used for performing clinical studies, vaccine studies as well as basic science.

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          Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

          B Poiesz, F Ruscetti, A Gazdar … (1980)
          Retrovirus particles with type C morphology were found in two T-cell lymphoblastoid cell lines, HUT 102 and CTCL-3, and in fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from a patient with a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides). The cell lines continuously produce these viruses, which are collectively referred to as HTLV, strain CR(HTLV(CR)). Originally, the production of virus from HUT 102 cells required induction with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, but the cell line became a constitutive producer of virus at its 56th passage. Cell line CTCL-3 has been a constitutive producer of virus from its second passage in culture. Both mature and immature extracellular virus particles were seen in thin-section electron micrographs of fixed, pelleted cellular material; on occasion, typical type C budding virus particles were seen. No form of intracellular virus particle has been seen. Mature particles were 100-110 nm in diameter, consisted of an electron-dense core surrounded by an outer membrane separated by an electron-lucent region, banded at a density of 1.16 g/ml on a continuous 25-65% sucrose gradient, and contained 70S RNA and a DNA polymerase activity typical of viral reverse transcriptase (RT; RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase). Under certain conditions of assay, HTLV(CR) RT showed cation preference for Mg(2+) over Mn(2+), distinct from the characteristics of cellular DNA polymerases purified from human lymphocytes and the RT from most type C viruses. Antibodies to cellular DNA polymerase gamma and anti-bodies against RT purified from several animal retroviruses failed to detectably interact with HTLV(CR) RT under conditions that were positive for the respective homologous DNA polymerase, demonstrating a lack of close relationship of HTLV(CR) RT to cellular DNA polymerases gamma or RT of these viruses. Six major proteins, with sizes of approximately 10,000, 13,000, 19,000, 24,000, 42,000, and 52,000 daltons, were apparent when doubly banded, disrupted HTLV(CR) particles were chromatographed on a NaDodSO(4)/polyacrylamide gel. The number of these particle-associated proteins is consistent with the expected proteins of a retrovirus, but the sizes of some are distinct from those of most known retroviruses of the primate subgroups.
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            Isolation of a new type C retrovirus (HTLV) in primary uncultured cells of a patient with Sézary T-cell leukaemia.

            R Gallo, F Ruscetti, M Reitz … (1981)
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              Clonal expansion of human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected cells in asymptomatic and symptomatic carriers without malignancy.

              S Wain-Hobson, C Pannetier, E Wattel … (1995)
              Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy. Both diseases are usually preceded by a long clinically asymptomatic period. PCR amplification of the HTLV-I proviral integration sites shows that clonal expansion of HTLV-I-bearing T cells, rather than being an occasional phenomenon in nonmalignant disease, is the norm for both symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers. Sequencing of 100 molecular clones derived by PCR amplification of part of the envelope gene from two asymptomatic carriers revealed almost no genetic variation. Viral amplification via clonal expansion, rather than by reverse transcription, would explain this remarkable genetic stability.
              Article 0 comments Cited 62 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Renaud Mahieux:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5129-6804
                renaud.mahieux@ens-lyon.fr
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Retrovirology
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Retrovirology
                Title: Retrovirology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1742-4690
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 December 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 16 December 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 16
                Electronic Location Identifier: 41
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2175 9188, GRID grid.15140.31, International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, ; Lyon, France
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8032, GRID grid.22448.38, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, , George Mason University, ; Manassas, VA USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5129-6804
                Article
                Publisher ID: 503
                DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0503-0
                PMC ID: 6915939
                PubMed ID: 31843020
                SO-VID: e96f43e9-c7a6-40d5-935b-dd12c19130c7
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2019
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 24 July 2019
                Date accepted : 7 December 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: FRM
                Award ID: DEQ20180339200
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004100, labex;
                Award ID: ANR-11-LABX-0048
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2019

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: htlv-1,stlv-1,atl,prevalence,interspecies transmission,animal model,therapy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: htlv-1, stlv-1, atl, prevalence, interspecies transmission, animal model, therapy

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