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      Alteraciones de la mucosa bucal en una población cautiva de México Translated title: Prisoners alterations of the oral mucosa in Mexico

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo Establecer la prevalencia de alteraciones de la mucosa bucal en una población cautiva e investigar la asociación de las lesiones bucales con el antecedente de uso de drogas psicoactivas. Metodología Estudio transversal y analítico realizado de octubre de 1999 a diciembre de 2004, en el que se efectuaron exámenes de la cavidad bucal, un cuestionario sobre historia de uso de drogas y serología para detección del VIH en prisioneros. El diagnóstico de las lesiones bucales se estableció conforme a criterios clínicos preestablecidos. Se evaluó: la higiene bucal, la presencia de aparatología protésica, bordes cortantes, historia de alteraciones de la mucosa bucal, hábito tabáquico y alcohólico, fármacos, alteraciones sistémicas, estado serológico al VIH, prácticas sexuales y antecedente de uso de drogas. Se emplearon las pruebas de χ2, la exacta de Fisher y se realizó análisis multivariado. Se construyeron razones de momios e intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados Se examinaron 54 sujetos (91% varones), con una edad mediana de 27 (intervalo 16-60) años. Un total de 39/52 (75%) sujetos mencionaron el antecedente de consumo de droga. Se detectaron lesiones bucales en el 94% de los sujetos; siendo las más comunes la hiperpigmentación melánica y las cicatrices. Se observó mayor frecuencia de lesiones pigmentadas entre usuarios de marihuana (p = 0.03) y de cicatrices entre aquellos que emplean ansiolíticos (p = 0.04); así como una menor prevalencia de la condición de Fordyce entre usuarios de heroína pura (p = 0.04), independientemente de factores de confusión. Conclusión Los sujetos en prisión mostraron una frecuencia elevada de alteraciones de la mucosa bucal. Se observaron asociaciones estrechas entre algunas entidades bucales y el antecedente de uso de ciertas drogas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objectives To establish the prevalence of oral mucosa lesions in a captive population, and to find out the association between oral lesions and history of psychoactive drug use. Methods Cross-sectional study, performed from October 1999 through December 2004, based on examination of the mouth of prison inmates. The diagnosis of mouth lesions was made according to pre-established clinical criteria. Data related to epidemiological and clinical aspects such as mouth hygiene, use of prosthesis, cutting edges, history of alterations in the oral mucosa, use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs, systemic illnesses, serologic HIV status, sexual practices, and history of psychoactive drug use, were all assessed. Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, χ2 and Fisher’s exact test were used, also a multivariate analysis was performed. Results Fifty-four subjects (91% male) were studied; median age, 27 years old (range 16-60). A total of 39/52 (75%) had history of psychoactive drug use. Mouth lesions were found in 94% of subjects; the most common being melanotic hyperpigmentation and scars. A higher frequency of melanosis was encountered in marihuana users (p = 0.03); also scars (p = 0.01) were more frequent among anxiolytic users (p = 0.04) than in those using other drugs. In contrast, the lowest prevalence of Fordyce’s disease was encountered among users of heroin alone (p = 0.04), regardless of confounding factors. Conclusions In our study, prison subjects showed a high frequency of oral mucosa lesions. A close association was found between certain mouth conditions and history of use of some psychoactive drugs.

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          Most cited references31

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          Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation.

          The effects of drug dependence on social systems has helped shape the generally held view that drug dependence is primarily a social problem, not a health problem. In turn, medical approaches to prevention and treatment are lacking. We examined evidence that drug (including alcohol) dependence is a chronic medical illness. A literature review compared the diagnoses, heritability, etiology (genetic and environmental factors), pathophysiology, and response to treatments (adherence and relapse) of drug dependence vs type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and asthma. Genetic heritability, personal choice, and environmental factors are comparably involved in the etiology and course of all of these disorders. Drug dependence produces significant and lasting changes in brain chemistry and function. Effective medications are available for treating nicotine, alcohol, and opiate dependence but not stimulant or marijuana dependence. Medication adherence and relapse rates are similar across these illnesses. Drug dependence generally has been treated as if it were an acute illness. Review results suggest that long-term care strategies of medication management and continued monitoring produce lasting benefits. Drug dependence should be insured, treated, and evaluated like other chronic illnesses. JAMA. 2000;284:1689-1695.
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            General and oral health implications of cannabis use.

            Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, is the most frequently used illicit drug in Australia. Therefore, oral health care providers are likely to encounter patients who are regular users. An upward trend in cannabis use is occurring in Australia, with 40 per cent of the population aged 14 and above having used the drug. There are three main forms of cannabis: marijuana, hash and hash oil, all of which contain the main psychoactive constituent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Cannabis is most commonly smoked, however it can be added to foods. THC from cannabis enters the bloodstream and exerts its effects on the body via interaction with endogenous receptors. Cannabis affects almost every system of the body, particularly the cardiovascular, respiratory and immune systems. It also has acute and chronic effects on the mental health of some users. Therefore, chronic abuse is a concern because of its negative effects on general physical and mental health. Cannabis abusers generally have poorer oral health than non-users, with an increased risk of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Cannabis smoke acts as a carcinogen and is associated with dysplastic changes and pre-malignant lesions within the oral mucosa. Users are also prone to oral infections, possibly due to the immunosuppressive effects. Dental treatment on patients intoxicated on cannabis can result in the patient experiencing acute anxiety, dysphoria and psychotic-like paranoiac thoughts. The use of local anaesthetic containing epinephrine may seriously prolong tachycardia already induced by an acute dose of cannabis. Oral health care providers should be aware of the diverse adverse effects of cannabis on general and oral health and incorporate questions about patients' patterns of use in the medical history.
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              Guide to epidemiology and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases and conditions.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rom
                Revista odontológica mexicana
                Rev. Odont. Mex
                Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Odontología (México, DF, Mexico )
                1870-199X
                2007
                : 11
                : 1
                : 38-45
                Affiliations
                [4] D.F. orgnameCentro Nacional para la Prevención y Control del SIDA México
                [3] D.F. orgnameUniversidad Pedagógica Nacional Mexico
                [2] D.F. orgnameUniversidad Intercontinental orgdiv1Facultad de Odontología Mexico
                [1] D.F. orgnameInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán” orgdiv1Departamento de Dermatología México
                Article
                S1870-199X2007000100038 S1870-199X(07)01100100038
                10.22201/fo.1870199xp.2007.11.1.15885
                ea0aefa1-aed6-4a6d-8f1d-5ab3038d1cc4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Trabajos originales

                Drugs,mouth diseases,Drogas,oral mucosa,prison,lesiones bucales,prisión

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