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      Experiences of Caregivers of Patients With Conservatively Managed Kidney Failure: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Older people with kidney failure often choose conservative kidney care. The experiences and quality of life (QOL) of caregivers who support them are incompletely characterized.

          Objective:

          To determine the burden, QOL, and understand experiences of caregivers supporting patients managed conservatively.

          Design:

          Systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies.

          Sources of information:

          PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and MEDLINE electronic databases were systematically searched for quantitative and qualitative studies published between January 2000 and July 2020.

          Subjects:

          Caregivers of adults with kidney failure (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2) managed conservatively.

          Methods:

          Data were extracted by 2 independent reviewers using a prespecified extraction tool. Study quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tool.

          Measurements:

          Descriptive reports of demographics, measurement scales, and outcomes. Thematic synthesis of qualitative data.

          Results:

          Six studies met inclusion criteria, including 3 quantitative and 3 descriptive qualitative studies. Caregivers of patients receiving conservative kidney management (CKM) experienced significant caregiver burden and similar impacts to their QOL as those caring for patients receiving dialysis. Thematic synthesis revealed 5 themes: Understanding the concept of CKM, Need for involvement in the decision for CKM, Identifying available supports, Uncertainty about the future and negotiating deteriorations and dying, and Burden of care impacting on QOL.

          Limitations:

          Low numbers of included studies, data collection and recruitment biases in qualitative studies and small caregiver numbers in quantitative studies, limit transferability of findings. Heterogeneity in study design and outcome measures precluded meta-analysis.

          Conclusions:

          Caregivers of patients with conservatively managed kidney failure suffer significant burden and experience QOL comparable with those caring for patients on dialysis. Limited understanding and involvement in conservative management decision making, and a fear of deterioration and dying, result in anxiety in caregivers. Further research into the experiences of caregivers will help support both caregivers and the patients who choose conservative management.

          Registration:

          PROSPERO registration number CRD42021209811.

          Abrégé

          Contexte:

          Les personnes âgées atteintes d’insuffisance rénale optent souvent pour des soins rénaux conservateurs, mais on en sait peu sur l’expérience et la qualité de vie (QV) de leurs soignants.

          Objectif:

          Mieux comprendre l’expérience des soignants de patients pris en charge de façon conservatrice, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la qualité de vie et le fardeau de l’aidant.

          Type d’étude:

          Revue systématique d’études quantitatives et qualitatives.

          Sources:

          PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL et MEDLINE ont fait l’objet d’une recherche systématique afin de répertorier les études quantitatives et qualitatives publiées entre janvier 2000 et juillet 2020.

          Sujets:

          Les soignants d’adultes atteints d’insuffisance rénale (DGFe<15 mL/min/1,73 m 2) et pris en charge de façon conservative.

          Méthodologie:

          Deux réviseurs indépendants ont procédé à l’extraction des données d’intérêt à l’aide d’un outil préétabli. La qualité des études a été évaluée à l’aide de l’outil du Programme de développement des compétences en évaluation critique (CASP — Critical Appraisal Skills Program).

          Mesures:

          Les rapports descriptifs sur les données démographiques, les échelles de mesure et les résultats. Synthèse thématique des données qualitatives.

          Résultats:

          Six études répondaient aux critères d’inclusion, soit trois études quantitatives et trois études qualitatives descriptives. Les soignants de patients recevant des soins rénaux conservateurs (SRC) rapportaient un important fardeau de l’aidant et des effets sur leur QV similaires à ceux rapportés par les personnes qui s’occupent de patients sous dialyse. La synthèse thématique a révélé cinq thèmes: 1) la compréhension du concept de SRC; 2) le besoin de participer à la décision d’opter pour des SRC; 3) l’identification des ressources de soutien disponibles; 4) l’incertitude quant à l’avenir et à la façon de composer avec la dégradation de l’état de santé et le décès; et 5) l’incidence du fardeau de l’aidant sur la qualité de vie.

          Limites:

          La transférabilité des résultats est limitée par le faible nombre d’études incluses, ainsi que par la méthode de collecte de données et les biais de recrutement dans les études qualitatives, et par le faible nombre de soignants dans les études quantitatives. L’hétérogénéité dans la conception de l’étude et les mesures des résultats a empêché une méta-analyse.

          Conclusion:

          Les soignants de patients atteints d’insuffisance rénale et pris en charge de façon conservatrice rapportent un important fardeau de l’aidant et une QV comparable à celle des soignants de patients sous dialyse. Le fait de ne pas bien comprendre le concept de SRC, d’avoir une participation limitée dans la prise de décisions, ainsi qu’une crainte liée à la détérioration de la santé et au décès, entraîne de l’anxiété chez les soignants. Des recherches plus approfondies sur l’expérience des soignants contribueront à mieux soutenir les patients qui optent pour une prise en charge conservatrice et leurs soignants.

          Enregistrement de l’essai:

          Numéro d’enregistrement PROSPERO CRD42021209811.

          Related collections

          Most cited references27

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: found
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          Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews

          Background There is a growing recognition of the value of synthesising qualitative research in the evidence base in order to facilitate effective and appropriate health care. In response to this, methods for undertaking these syntheses are currently being developed. Thematic analysis is a method that is often used to analyse data in primary qualitative research. This paper reports on the use of this type of analysis in systematic reviews to bring together and integrate the findings of multiple qualitative studies. Methods We describe thematic synthesis, outline several steps for its conduct and illustrate the process and outcome of this approach using a completed review of health promotion research. Thematic synthesis has three stages: the coding of text 'line-by-line'; the development of 'descriptive themes'; and the generation of 'analytical themes'. While the development of descriptive themes remains 'close' to the primary studies, the analytical themes represent a stage of interpretation whereby the reviewers 'go beyond' the primary studies and generate new interpretive constructs, explanations or hypotheses. The use of computer software can facilitate this method of synthesis; detailed guidance is given on how this can be achieved. Results We used thematic synthesis to combine the studies of children's views and identified key themes to explore in the intervention studies. Most interventions were based in school and often combined learning about health benefits with 'hands-on' experience. The studies of children's views suggested that fruit and vegetables should be treated in different ways, and that messages should not focus on health warnings. Interventions that were in line with these suggestions tended to be more effective. Thematic synthesis enabled us to stay 'close' to the results of the primary studies, synthesising them in a transparent way, and facilitating the explicit production of new concepts and hypotheses. Conclusion We compare thematic synthesis to other methods for the synthesis of qualitative research, discussing issues of context and rigour. Thematic synthesis is presented as a tried and tested method that preserves an explicit and transparent link between conclusions and the text of primary studies; as such it preserves principles that have traditionally been important to systematic reviewing.
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            The Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale

            R Snaith (2003)
            There is a need to assess the contribution of mood disorder, especially anxiety and depression, in order to understand the experience of suffering in the setting of medical practice. Most physicians are aware of this aspect of the illness of their patients but many feel incompetent to provide the patient with reliable information. The Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale, or HADS, was designed to provide a simple yet reliable tool for use in medical practice. The term 'hospital' in its title suggests that it is only valid in such a setting but many studies conducted throughout the world have confirmed that it is valid when used in community settings and primary care medical practice. It should be emphasised that self-assessment scales are only valid for screening purposes; definitive diagnosis must rest on the process of clinical examination.
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              Is Open Access

              Survival of elderly patients with stage 5 CKD: comparison of conservative management and renal replacement therapy

              B ackground . Elderly patients with end-stage renal disease and severe extra-renal comorbidity have a poor prognosis on renal replacement therapy (RRT) and may opt to be managed conservatively (CM). Information on the survival of patients on this mode of therapy is limited. Methods. We studied survival in a large cohort of CM patients in comparison to patients who received RRT. Results. Over an 18-year period, we studied 844 patients, 689 (82%) of whom had been treated by RRT and 155 (18%) were CM. CM patients were older and a greater proportion had high comorbidity. Median survival from entry into stage 5 chronic kidney disease was less in CM than in RRT (21.2 vs 67.1 months: P   75 years when corrected for age, high comorbidity and diabetes, the survival advantage from RRT was ~ 4 months, which was not statistically significant. Increasing age, the presence of high comorbidity and the presence of diabetes were independent determinants of poorer survival in RRT patients. In CM patients, however, age > 75 years and female gender independently predicted better survival. Conclusions. In patients aged > 75 years with high extra-renal comorbidity, the survival advantage conferred by RRT over CM is likely to be small. Age > 75 years and female gender predicted better survival in CM patients. The reasons for this are unclear.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                CJK
                spcjk
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2054-3581
                15 April 2022
                2022
                : 9
                : 20543581221089080
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Renal Unit, Department of Nephrology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
                [2 ]University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
                [3 ]Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
                Author notes
                [*]Nicholas A. Gray, Associate Professor, Renal Unit, Department of Nephrology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, 6 Doherty St, Birtinya, Queensland 4575, Australia. Email: Nicholas.Gray@ 123456health.qld.gov.au
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5691-5475
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8603-3134
                Article
                10.1177_20543581221089080
                10.1177/20543581221089080
                9016578
                35450152
                ea2e167a-4089-41fb-b10a-10145a4368c6
                © The Author(s) 2022

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 15 November 2021
                : 7 February 2022
                Categories
                Original Clinical Research Mixed Method
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2022
                ts1

                kidney failure,chronic,conservative treatment,caregivers,caregiver burden,quality of life

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