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      Filling Effectiveness and Dentinal Penetration of Endodontic Sealers: A Stereo and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Study

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          Abstract

          Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the filling effectiveness and dentinal penetration of the sealers AH Plus, Pulp Canal Sealer EWT, Sealapex and MTA Fillapex applied according to the vertical condensation technique using thermoplastic gutta-percha. Forty single-rooted teeth were selected. After chemical-mechanical preparation and root-canal filling, sections of the root (2, 4 and 6 mm from the apex) were obtained and analyzed by stereo microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Data were tabulated and statistically analyzed. With regard to the assessment of void spaces in the filling material at 2 mm from the apex, the sealers showed similar results, but at 4 and 6 mm from the apex, MTA Fillapex had inferior performance compared to AH Plus (at 4 mm), Pulp Canal Sealer EWT (at 4 and 6 mm) and Sealapex (at 6 mm) (p<0.05). With regard to the penetration into dentinal tubules at 2 mm from the apex, the sealers also showed similar results, but at 4 and 6 mm Pulp Canal Sealer EWT had an inferior performance compared to MTA Fillapex and AH Plus, respectively (p<0.05). All four sealers were found to be similar regarding adaptation of the filling material to the root canal walls, except the MTA Fillapex, which showed failures at 4 and 6 mm from the root apex. With regard to the ability to penetrate into the dentinal tubules, the sealers were found to be equivalent, except for the Pulp Canal Sealer EWT as it had poorer results at 4 and 6 mm compared to MTA Fillapex and AH Plus, respectively.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da obturação e capacidade de penetração no interior dos túbulos dentinários dos cimentos: AH Plus, Pulp Canal Sealer EWT, Sealapex e MTA Fillapex, associado à técnica de obturação da condensação vertical da guta-percha termoplastificada. Selecionou-se 40 dentes unirradiculados. Após o preparo químico-mecânico e obturação, secções das raízes (a 2, 4 e 6 mm do ápice) foram obtidas e analisadas através de microscopia estéreo e confocal de varredura a laser. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente. Em relação à avaliação de espaços vazios na obturação a 2 mm, os cimentos apresentaram resultados similares, entretanto a 4 e 6 mm MTA Fillapex apresentou desempenho inferior em relação a AH Plus (a 4 mm), Pulp Canal Sealer EWT (a 4 e 6 mm) e Sealapex (a 6 mm) (p<0,05). Em relação à capacidade de penetração nos túbulos dentinários a 2 mm, os cimentos apresentaram resultados similares, contudo a 4 e 6 mm, o Pulp Canal Sealer EWT mostrou-se inferior ao MTA Fillapex e AH Plus, respectivamente (p<0,05). Os quatro cimentos foram similares em relação à adaptação da obturação nas paredes dos canais radiculares, exceto o MTA Fillapex, que evidenciou falhas a 4 e 6 mm. Na capacidade de penetração nos túbulos dentinários, os cimentos foram equivalentes, exceto o Pulp Canal Sealer EW que se mostrou inferior a 4 e 6 mm, quando comparado com MTA Fillapex e AH Plus, respectivamente.

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          Most cited references29

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          Clinical implications and microbiology of bacterial persistence after treatment procedures.

          Apical periodontitis is an infectious disease caused by microorganisms colonizing the root canal system. For an optimal outcome of the endodontic treatment to be achieved, bacterial populations within the root canal should be ideally eliminated or at least significantly reduced to levels that are compatible with periradicular tissue healing. If bacteria persist after chemomechanical preparation supplemented or not with an intracanal medication, there is an increased risk of adverse outcome of the endodontic treatment. Therefore, bacterial presence in the root canal at the time of filling has been shown to be a risk factor for posttreatment apical periodontitis. About 100 species/phylotypes have already been detected in postinstrumentation and/or postmedication samples, and gram-positive bacteria are the most dominant. However, it remains to be determined by longitudinal studies if any species/phylotypes persisting after treatment procedures can influence outcome. This review article discusses diverse aspects of bacterial persistence after treatment, including the microbiology, bacterial strategies to persist, the requisites for persisting bacteria to affect the outcome, and future directions of research in this field.
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            Pathogenesis of apical periodontitis and the causes of endodontic failures.

            Apical periodontitis is a sequel to endodontic infection and manifests itself as the host defense response to microbial challenge emanating from the root canal system. It is viewed as a dynamic encounter between microbial factors and host defenses at the interface between infected radicular pulp and periodontal ligament that results in local inflammation, resorption of hard tissues, destruction of other periapical tissues, and eventual formation of various histopathological categories of apical periodontitis, commonly referred to as periapical lesions. The treatment of apical periodontitis, as a disease of root canal infection, consists of eradicating microbes or substantially reducing the microbial load from the root canal and preventing re-infection by orthograde root filling. The treatment has a remarkably high degree of success. Nevertheless, endodontic treatment can fail. Most failures occur when treatment procedures, mostly of a technical nature, have not reached a satisfactory standard for the control and elimination of infection. Even when the highest standards and the most careful procedures are followed, failures still occur. This is because there are root canal regions that cannot be cleaned and obturated with existing equipments, materials, and techniques, and thus, infection can persist. In very rare cases, there are also factors located within the inflamed periapical tissue that can interfere with post-treatment healing of the lesion. The data on the biological causes of endodontic failures are recent and scattered in various journals. This communication is meant to provide a comprehensive overview of the etio-pathogenesis of apical periodontitis and the causes of failed endodontic treatments that can be visualized in radiographs as asymptomatic post-treatment periapical radiolucencies.
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              Materials used for root canal obturation: technical, biological and clinical testing

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bdj
                Brazilian Dental Journal
                Braz. Dent. J.
                Fundação Odontológica de Ribeirão Preto (Ribeirão Preto )
                1806-4760
                October 2015
                : 26
                : 5
                : 541-546
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0103-64402015000500541
                10.1590/0103-6440201300138
                eabfac7f-ffad-4252-8bea-a91e08fcfe50

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-6440&lng=en
                Categories
                DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

                Dentistry
                confocal laser microscopy,dental sealers,root canal filling.
                Dentistry
                confocal laser microscopy, dental sealers, root canal filling.

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