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      Detailed Measurement of Wall Strain with 3D Speckle Tracking in the Aortic Root: A Case of Bionic Support for Clinical Decision Making

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          Abstract

          Three-dimensional (3D) wall motion tracking (WMT) based on ultrasound imaging enables estimation of aortic wall motion and deformation. It provides insights into changes in vascular compliance and vessel wall properties essential for understanding the pathogenesis and progression of aortic diseases. In this report, we employed the novel 3D WMT analysis on the ascending aorta aneurysm (AA) to estimate local aortic wall motion and strain in case of a patient scheduled for replacement of the aortic root. Although progression of the diameter indicates surgical therapy, at present we addressed the question for optimal surgical time point. According to the data, AA in our case has enlarged diameter and subsequent reduced circumferential wall strain, but area tracking data reveals almost normal elastic properties. Virtual remodeling of the aortic root opens a play list for different loading conditions to determine optimal surgical intervention in time.

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          Most cited references12

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          A classification system for the bicuspid aortic valve from 304 surgical specimens.

          In general, classification of a disease has proven to be advantageous for disease management. This may also be valid for the bicuspid aortic valve, because the term "bicuspid aortic valve" stands for a common congenital aortic valve malformation with heterogeneous morphologic phenotypes and function resulting in different treatment strategies. We attempted to establish a classification system based on a 5-year data collection of surgical specimens. Between 1999 and 2003 a precise description of valve pathology was obtained from operative reports of 304 patients with a diseased bicuspid aortic valve. Several different characteristics of bicuspid aortic valves were tested to generate a pithy and easily applicable classification system. Three characteristics for a systematic classification were found appropriate: (1) number of raphes, (2) spatial position of cusps or raphes, and (3) functional status of the valve. The first characteristic was found to be the most significant and therefore termed "type." Three major types were identified: type 0 (no raphe), type 1 (one raphe), and type 2 (two raphes), followed by two supplementary characteristics, spatial position and function. These characteristics served to classify and codify the bicuspid aortic valves into three categories. Most frequently, a bicuspid aortic valve with one raphe was identified (type 1, n = 269). This raphe was positioned between the left (L) and right (R) coronary sinuses in 216 (type 1, L/R) with a hemodynamic predominant stenosis (S) in 119 (type 1, L/R, S). Only 21 patients had a "purely" bicuspid aortic valve with no raphe (type 0). A classification system for the bicuspid aortic valve with one major category ("type") and two supplementary categories is presented. This classification, even if used in the major category (type) alone, might be advantageous to better define bicuspid aortic valve disease, facilitate scientific communication, and improve treatment.
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            Acute aortic dissection: population-based incidence compared with degenerative aortic aneurysm rupture.

            To ascertain whether acute aortic dissection (AAD) remains the most common aortic catastrophe, as generally believed, and to detect any improvement in outcomes compared with previously reported population-based data. We determined the incidence, operative intervention rate, and long-term survival rate of Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with a clinical diagnosis of AAD initially made between 1980 and 1994. The incidence of degenerative thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) rupture was also delineated. We compared these results with other population-based studies of AAD, degenerative TAA, and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture. During a 15-year period, we identified 177 patients with thoracic aortic disease. We focused on 39 patients with AAD (22% of the entire cohort) and 28 with TAA rupture (16%). The annual age- and sex-adjusted incidences were 3.5 per 100,000 persons (95% confidence interval, 2.4-4.6) for AAD and 3.5 per 100,000 persons (95% confidence interval, 2.2-4.9) for TAA rupture. Thirty-three dissections (85%) involved the ascending aorta, whereas 6 (15%) involved only the descending aorta. Nineteen patients (49%) underwent 22 operations for AAD, with a 30-day case fatality rate of 9%. Among all 39 patients with AAD, median survival was only 3 days. Overall 5-year survival for those with AAD improved to 32% compared with only 5% in this community between 1951 and 1980. In other studies, the annual incidences of TAA rupture and AAA rupture are estimated at approximately 3 and 9 per 100,000 persons, respectively. This study indicates that AAD and ruptured degenerative TAA occur with similar frequency but less commonly than ruptured AAA. Although timely recognition and management remain problematic, these new data suggest that recent diagnostic and operative advances are improving long-term survival in AAD.
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              Aortic dilation in bicuspid aortic valve disease: flow pattern is a major contributor and differs with valve fusion type.

              Ascending aortic dilation is important in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease, with increased risk of aortic dissection. We used cardiovascular MR to understand the pathophysiology better by examining the links between 3-dimensional flow abnormalities, aortic function, and aortic dilation. A total of 142 subjects underwent cardiovascular MR (mean age, 40 years; 95 with BAV, 47 healthy volunteers). Patients with BAV had predominantly abnormal right-handed helical flow in the ascending aorta, larger ascending aortas (18.3±3.3 versus 15.2±2.2 mm/m²; P<0.001), and higher rotational (helical) flow (31.7±15.8 versus 2.9±3.9 mm²/s; P<0.001), systolic flow angle (23.1°±12.5° versus 7.0°±4.6°; P<0.001), and systolic wall shear stress (0.85±0.28 versus 0.59±0.17 N/m²; P<0.001) compared with healthy volunteers. BAV with right-handed flow and right-non coronary cusp fusion (n=31) showed more severe flow abnormalities (rotational flow, 38.5±16.5 versus 27.8±12.4 mm²/s; P<0.001; systolic flow angle, 29.4°±10.9° versus 19.4°±11.4°; P<0.001; in-plane wall shear stress, 0.64±0.23 versus 0.47±0.22 N/m²; P<0.001) and larger aortas (19.5±3.4 versus 17.5±3.1 mm/m²; P<0.05) than right-left cusp fusion (n=55). Patients with BAV with normal flow patterns had similar aortic dimensions and wall shear stress to healthy volunteers and younger patients with BAV showed abnormal flow patterns but no aortic dilation, both further supporting the importance of flow pattern in the pathogenesis of aortic dilation. Aortic function measures (distensibility, aortic strain, and pulse wave velocity) were similar across all groups. Flow abnormalities may be a major contributor to aortic dilation in BAV. Fusion type affects the severity of flow abnormalities and may allow better risk prediction and selection of patients for earlier surgical intervention.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Rep
                Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Rep
                10.1055/s-00024355
                The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon Reports
                Georg Thieme Verlag KG (Stuttgart · New York )
                2194-7635
                2194-7643
                04 February 2016
                December 2016
                : 5
                : 1
                : 77-80
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Heart Surgery, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
                [2 ]Biochemical Pharmacological Center, Cardiovascular Res Lab, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
                [3 ]Department of Cardiology, Universitätsklinikum Marburg und Gießen GmbH, Marburg, Germany
                [4 ]Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
                [5 ]Institute for Pathology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
                [6 ]Department of Heart Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Marburg und Gießen GmbH, Marburg, Germany
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence Prof. Dr. Sebastian Vogt Department of Heart Surgery, Philipps University Baldinger Str. 1, Marburg 35043Germany vogts@ 123456med.uni-marburg.de
                Article
                150199crv
                10.1055/s-0036-1571815
                5177445
                eaf57a27-9db1-4df0-84bb-889f79713444
                © Thieme Medical Publishers
                History
                : 24 September 2015
                : 26 December 2015
                Categories
                Case Report: Vascular

                aortic disease,aneurysm,biomechanics,echocardiography
                aortic disease, aneurysm, biomechanics, echocardiography

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