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      Influence of Biological Factors on Connectivity Patterns for Concholepas concholepas (loco) in Chile

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          Abstract

          In marine benthic ecosystems, larval connectivity is a major process influencing the maintenance and distribution of invertebrate populations. Larval connectivity is a complex process to study as it is determined by several interacting factors. Here we use an individual-based, biophysical model, to disentangle the effects of such factors, namely larval vertical migration, larval growth, larval mortality, adults fecundity, and habitat availability, for the marine gastropod Concholepas concholepas (loco) in Chile. Lower transport success and higher dispersal distances are observed including larval vertical migration in the model. We find an overall decrease in larval transport success to settlement areas from northern to southern Chile. This spatial gradient results from the combination of current direction and intensity, seawater temperature, and available habitat. From our simulated connectivity patterns we then identify subpopulations of loco along the Chilean coast, which could serve as a basis for spatial management of this resource in the future.

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          Temperature control of larval dispersal and the implications for marine ecology, evolution, and conservation.

          Mary I. O'Connor, John Bruno, Steven D Gaines … (2007)
          Temperature controls the rate of fundamental biochemical processes and thereby regulates organismal attributes including development rate and survival. The increase in metabolic rate with temperature explains substantial among-species variation in life-history traits, population dynamics, and ecosystem processes. Temperature can also cause variability in metabolic rate within species. Here, we compare the effect of temperature on a key component of marine life cycles among a geographically and taxonomically diverse group of marine fish and invertebrates. Although innumerable lab studies document the negative effect of temperature on larval development time, little is known about the generality versus taxon-dependence of this relationship. We present a unified, parameterized model for the temperature dependence of larval development in marine animals. Because the duration of the larval period is known to influence larval dispersal distance and survival, changes in ocean temperature could have a direct and predictable influence on population connectivity, community structure, and regional-to-global scale patterns of biodiversity.
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            Persistence of spatial populations depends on returning home.

            Alan Hastings, Louis Botsford (2006)
            There is a need for better description and heuristic understanding of the sustainability of populations connected over space by a dispersing stage, both for management purposes and to increase our basic knowledge of the dynamics of these populations. We show that persistence of such a population of connected subpopulations depends on whether the sum of the reproductive gains through all possible closed, between-patch reproductive paths through multiple generations, relative to the shortfall in self-persistence in each path, exceeds unity plus extra terms, which only appear if there are four or more patches. These extra terms have the heuristic explanation that they avoid double counting of reproductive paths that arise with four or more patches because there can be nonoverlapping subnetworks. Thus only those patterns of reproduction and connectivity which eventually lead to descendants returning to the patch from which they originate contribute to persistence. This result provides the basis for evaluating connectivity and habitat heterogeneity to understand reserve design, the effects of human fragmentation, the collapse of marine fisheries, and other conservation issues.
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              Coastal marine communities: trends and perspectives from human-exclusion experiments.

              Juan Carlos Castilla (1999)
              The ecological roles of humans in marine communities have been poorly studied. Humans have special characteristics, such as culture, and are perceived as complex ecological actors. Observations and experiments conducted in coastal (rocky intertidal and nearshore) 'no-take' areas or reserves in Chile and around the world have permitted a better understanding of the role played by humans as top predators and the resulting trophic-cascade effects along the food-webs. These studies have revealed an urgent need to incorporate humans into ecological studies and have helped to promote links between ecology and social sciences.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Tzen-Yuh Chiang: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 January 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0146418
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMI 209 UPMC UMMISCO, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Sète, France
                [2 ]Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), LOCEAN-IPSL, UPMC, Paris, France
                [3 ]Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR MARBEC, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Sète, France
                [4 ]Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, United States of America
                [5 ]Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
                [6 ]Centro Universitario Región Este, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
                National Cheng-Kung University, TAIWAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: LG FC PV DK BY CL. Performed the experiments: LG. Analyzed the data: LG FC DK CL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LG FC PV DK BY CL. Wrote the paper: LG FC PV DK BY CL.

                [¤]

                Current address: Florida Atlantic University, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-15-44898
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146418
                PMC ID: 4713471
                PubMed ID: 26751574
                SO-VID: ec77a1fd-219a-49f7-812a-276a0e3d6798
                License:

                This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.

                History
                Date received : 12 October 2015
                Date accepted : 16 December 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 3, Pages: 22
                Funding
                This study was supported by the “Programme Doctoral International Modélisation des Systèmes Complexes” (PDIMSC; http://www.ummisco.ird.fr/pdi/), the MOLOCO project through the grant n°C11B02 from ECOS-Sud/CONICYT ( http://www.univ-paris13.fr/cofecub-ecos/) and the cooperation program between “Conseil Général de l’Hérault” and IVth region of Chile operated by Agropolis International.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability The authors have uploaded the data to the manuscript as supporting files.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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