Heart rate variability changes during high frequency yoga breathing
and breath awareness

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Abstract

Background

Pre and post comparison after one minute of high frequency yoga breathing (HFYB) suggested that the HFYB modifies the autonomic status by increasing sympathetic modulation, but its effect during the practice was not assessed.

Methods

Thirty-eight male volunteers with group average age ± S.D., 23.3 ± 4.4 years were each assessed on two separate days in two sessions, (i) HFYB and (ii) breath awareness. Each session was for 35 minutes, with 3 periods, i.e., pre (5 minutes), during HFYB or breath awareness (15 minutes) and post (5 minutes).

Results

There was a significant decrease in NN50, pNN50 and the mean RR interval during and after HFYB and after breath awareness, compared to the respective 'pre' values ( p < 0.05) (repeated measures ANOVA followed by post-hoc analysis). The LF power increased and HF power decreased during and after breath awareness and LF/HF ratio increased after breath awareness ( p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The results suggest that there was reduced parasympathetic modulation during and after HFYB and increased sympathetic modulation with reduced parasympathetic modulation during and after breath awareness.

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Most cited references 10

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Resonant frequency biofeedback training to increase cardiac variability: rationale and manual for training.

P Lehrer, E Vaschillo, B Vaschillo (2000)

Heart rate and blood pressure, as well as other physiological systems, among healthy people, show a complex pattern of variability, characterized by multifrequency oscillations. There is evidence that these oscillations reflect the activity of homeostatic reflexes. Biofeedback training to increase the amplitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) maximally increases the amplitude of heart rate oscillations only at approximately 0.1 Hz. To perform this task people slow their breathing to this rate to a point where resonance occurs between respiratory-induced oscillations (RSA) and oscillations that naturally occur at this rate, probably triggered in part by baroreflex activity. We hypothesize that this type of biofeedback exercises the baroreflexes, and renders them more efficient. A manual is presented for carrying out this method. Supporting data are provided in Lehrer, Smetankin, and Potapova (2000) in this issue.

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Discharge of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats and monkeys suggests a role in vigilance.

T Alexinsky, P P-C Chiang, Simon P. Jones (1990)

Recordings from noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons in behaving rats and monkeys revealed that these cells decrease tonic discharge during sleep and also during certain high arousal behaviors (grooming and consumption) when attention (vigilance) was low. Sensory stimuli of many modalities phasically activated LC neurons. Response magnitudes varied with vigilance, similar to results for tonic activity. The most effective and reliable stimuli for eliciting LC responses were those that disrupted behavior and evoked orienting responses. Similar results were observed in behaving monkeys except that more intense stimuli were required for LC responses. Our more recent studies have examined LC activity in monkeys performing an "oddball" visual discrimination task. Monkeys were trained to release a lever after a target cue light that occurred randomly on 10% of trials; animals had to withhold responding during non-target cues. LC neurons selectively responded to the target cues during this task. During reversal training, LC neurons lost their response to the previous target cue and began responding to the new target light in parallel with behavioral reversal. Cortical event-related potentials were elicited in this task selectively by the same stimuli that evoked LC responses. Injections of lidocaine, GABA, or a synaptic decoupling solution into the nucleus paragigantocellularis in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, the major afferent to LC, eliminated responses of LC neurons to sciatic nerve stimulation or foot- or tail-pinch. This indicates that certain sensory information is relayed to LC through the excitatory amino acid (EAA) input from the ventrolateral medulla. The effect of prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation on LC neurons was examined in anesthetized rats. Single pulse PFC stimulation had no pronounced effect on LC neurons, consistent with our findings that this area does not innervate the LC nucleus. However, trains of PFC stimulation substantially activated most LC neurons. Thus, projections from the PFC may activate LC indirectly or through distal dendrites, suggesting a circuit whereby complex stimuli may influence LC neurons. The above results, in view of previous findings for postsynaptic effects of norepinephrine, are interpreted to reveal a role for the LC system in regulating attentional state or vigilance. The roles of major inputs to LC from the ventrolateral and dorsomedial medulla in sympathetic control and behavioral orienting responses, respectively, are integrated into this view of the LC system. It is proposed that the LC provides the cognitive complement to sympathetic function.

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Effect of two selected yogic breathing techniques of heart rate variability.

H. Nagendra, P Raghuraj, Muthannan A. Ramakrishnan … (1998)

The heart rate variability (HRV) is an indicator of the cardiac autonomic control. Two spectral components are usually recorded, viz. high frequency (0.15-0.50 Hz), which is due to vagal efferent activity and a low frequency component (0.05-0.15 Hz), due to sympathetic activity. The present study was conducted to study the HRV in two yoga practices which have been previously reported to have opposite effects, viz, sympathetic stimulation (kapalabhati, breathing at high frequency, i.e., 2.0 Hz) and reduced sympathetic activity (nadisuddhi, alternate nostril breathing). Twelve male volunteers (age range, 21 to 33 years) were assessed before and after each practice on separate days. The electrocardiogram (lead I) was digitized on-line and off-line analysis was done. The results showed a significant increase in low frequency (LF) power and LF/HF ratio while high frequency (HF) power was significantly lower following kapalabhati. There were no significant changes following nadisuddhi. The results suggest that kapalabhati modifies the autonomic status by increasing sympathetic activity with reduced vagal activity. The study also suggests that HRV is a more useful psychophysiological measure than heart rate alone.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biopsychosoc Med

Title: Biopsychosocial Medicine

Publisher: BioMed Central

ISSN (Electronic): 1751-0759

Publication date Collection: 2011

Publication date (Electronic): 13 April 2011

Volume: 5

Page: 4

Affiliations

[1 ]Patanjali Research Foundation, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar, India

Article

Publisher ID: 1751-0759-5-4

DOI: 10.1186/1751-0759-5-4

PMC ID: 3088536

PubMed ID: 21486495

SO-VID: ecb1d6fc-6e07-44cd-8542-701aad379ccf

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Heart rate variability changes during high frequency yoga breathing and breath awareness

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

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New Psychiatry

Most cited references 10

Resonant frequency biofeedback training to increase cardiac variability: rationale and manual for training.

Discharge of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats and monkeys suggests a role in vigilance.

Effect of two selected yogic breathing techniques of heart rate variability.

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