Developmental Markers of Genetic Liability to Autism in Parents: A Longitudinal, Multigenerational Study

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Abstract

Genetic liability to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be expressed in unaffected relatives through subclinical, genetically meaningful traits, or endophenotypes. This study aimed to identify developmental endophenotypes in parents of individuals with ASD by examining parents’ childhood academic development over the school-age period. A cohort of 139 parents of individuals with ASD were studied, along with their children with ASD and 28 controls. Parents’ childhood records in the domains of language, reading, and math were studied from grades K-12. Results indicated that relatively lower performance and slower development of skills (particularly language related skills), and an uneven rate of development across domains predicted ASD endophenotypes in adulthood for parents, and the severity of clinical symptoms in children with ASD. These findings may mark childhood indicators of genetic liability to ASD in parents, that could inform understanding of the subclinical expression of ASD genetic liability.

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Most cited references 28

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Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.

Neelroop Parikshak, Michael J. Gandal, Daniel Geschwind (2015)

Genetic and genomic approaches have implicated hundreds of genetic loci in neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegeneration, but mechanistic understanding continues to lag behind the pace of gene discovery. Understanding the role of specific genetic variants in the brain involves dissecting a functional hierarchy that encompasses molecular pathways, diverse cell types, neural circuits and, ultimately, cognition and behaviour. With a focus on transcriptomics, this Review discusses how high-throughput molecular, integrative and network approaches inform disease biology by placing human genetics in a molecular systems and neurobiological context. We provide a framework for interpreting network biology studies and leveraging big genomics data sets in neurobiology.

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Is There a "Language of the Eyes"? Evidence from Normal Adults, and Adults with Autism or Asperger Syndrome

Simon Baron-Cohen, Sally Wheelwright, and Jolliffe (1997)

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Rapid automatized naming (RAN) and reading fluency: implications for understanding and treatment of reading disabilities.

Elizabeth S Norton, Maryanne Wolf (2012)

Fluent reading depends on a complex set of cognitive processes that must work together in perfect concert. Rapid automatized naming (RAN) tasks provide insight into this system, acting as a microcosm of the processes involved in reading. In this review, we examine both RAN and reading fluency and how each has shaped our understanding of reading disabilities. We explore the research that led to our current understanding of the relationships between RAN and reading and what makes RAN unique as a cognitive measure. We explore how the automaticity that supports RAN affects reading across development, reading abilities, and languages, and the biological bases of these processes. Finally, we bring these converging areas of knowledge together by examining what the collective studies of RAN and reading fluency contribute to our goals of creating optimal assessments and interventions that help every child become a fluent, comprehending reader.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Molly Losh:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9823-8249

m-losh@northwestern.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Autism Dev Disord

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Autism Dev Disord

Title: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Publisher: Springer US (New York )

ISSN (Print): 0162-3257

ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3432

Publication date (Electronic): 9 January 2017

Publication date PMC-release: 9 January 2017

Publication date (Print): 2017

Volume: 47

Issue: 3

Pages: 834-845

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2299 3507, GRID grid.16753.36, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, , Northwestern University, ; Frances Searle, 2240 N Campus Dr., Evanston, IL 60208 USA

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1954 7928, GRID grid.264091.8, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, , St. John’s University, ; Staten Island, NY 10301 USA

[3 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9075 106X, GRID grid.254567.7, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, , University of South Carolina, ; Columbia, SC 29201 USA

[4 ]ISNI 0000000122483208, GRID grid.10698.36, Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, ; Chapel Hill, NC 27516 USA

[5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8294, GRID grid.214572.7, College of Education, , University of Iowa, ; Iowa City, IA 52242 USA

[6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8294, GRID grid.214572.7, Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, , University of Iowa, ; Iowa City, IA 52242 USA

Author information

Molly Losh http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9823-8249

Article

Publisher ID: 2996

DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2996-x

PMC ID: 5352796

PubMed ID: 28070788

SO-VID: ecd083d3-fccf-4a10-b13f-f69aab091bca

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

History

Funding

Funded by: National Institutes of Health (US)

Award ID: R01DC010191

Award ID: R01MH091131

Award Recipient : Molly Losh

Funded by: National Science Foundation (US)

Award ID: BCS-0820394

Award Recipient : Molly Losh

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000073, Autism Speaks;

Award ID: 1337

Award Recipient : Molly Losh

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology

Keywords: autism,genetics,endophenotype,longitudinal,broad autism phenotype,language

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology

Keywords: autism, genetics, endophenotype, longitudinal, broad autism phenotype, language

Developmental Markers of Genetic Liability to Autism in Parents: A Longitudinal, Multigenerational Study

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Karger: Neurology and Neuroscience

Most cited references 28

Systems biology and gene networks in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.

Is There a "Language of the Eyes"? Evidence from Normal Adults, and Adults with Autism or Asperger Syndrome

Rapid automatized naming (RAN) and reading fluency: implications for understanding and treatment of reading disabilities.

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