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      Effects of the nitric oxide releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel on pulp-dentin regeneration: Pilot study

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          Abstract

          Successful disinfection alongside complete endodontic tissue regeneration and revascularization are the most desired clinical outcomes of regenerative endodontics. Despite reported clinical successes, significant limitations to the current regenerative endodontic procedure (REP) have been elucidated. To improve the current REP, an antibiotics and nitric oxide (NO) releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel was developed. The study evaluates antibacterial effects of an antibiotics and NO releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel on multispecies endodontic bacteria. Antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (CF) and metronidazole (MN) were mixed and encapsulated within the NO releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel. The gel was synthesized and self-assembled from peptide amphiphiles containing various functional groups. Antibacterial effects of the antibiotics and NO releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel were evaluated using bacterial viability assays involving endodontic microorganisms including clinical samples. Pulp-dentin regeneration was evaluated via animal-model experiments. The antibiotics and NO releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel demonstrated a concentration dependent antibacterial effect. In addition, NO alone demonstrated a concentration dependent antibacterial effect on endodontic microorganism. An in vivo analysis demonstrated the antibiotics and NO releasing biomimetic nanomatrix gel promoted tooth revascularization with maturation of root canals. An optimal concentration of and NO releasing nanomatrix gel is suggested for its potential as a root treatment material for REP and an appropriate protocol for human trials. Further investigation is required to obtain a larger sample size and decide upon ideal growth factor incorporation.

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          NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.

          For the past 25 years NIH Image and ImageJ software have been pioneers as open tools for the analysis of scientific images. We discuss the origins, challenges and solutions of these two programs, and how their history can serve to advise and inform other software projects.
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            Tissue engineering.

            The loss or failure of an organ or tissue is one of the most frequent, devastating, and costly problems in human health care. A new field, tissue engineering, applies the principles of biology and engineering to the development of functional substitutes for damaged tissue. This article discusses the foundations and challenges of this interdisciplinary field and its attempts to provide solutions to tissue creation and repair.
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              Mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide: a critical review.

              Literature review The primary function of calcium hydroxide as a routine intracanal medicament is to provide antimicrobial activity. However, the mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide are not well known. Physicochemical properties of this substance may limit its effectiveness in disinfecting the entire root canal system. In addition, calcium hydroxide is not effective against all bacterial species found in root canal infections. Association with other medicaments may enhance the efficacy of the intracanal medication in eliminating residual bacteria in the root canal system.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Investigation
                Role: Methodology
                Role: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: Supervision
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                11 October 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 10
                : e0205534
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
                [2 ] Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
                [3 ] Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
                Yonsei University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6386-803X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8338-1838
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5891-5049
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7781-7620
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0629-097X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7221-2000
                Article
                PONE-D-18-21808
                10.1371/journal.pone.0205534
                6181396
                30308037
                ed930dd4-07c2-43ef-b1b2-46b0e94ba8e9
                © 2018 Moon et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 July 2018
                : 26 September 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 12, Tables: 2, Pages: 21
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000072, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research;
                Award ID: KDE027401A
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003725, National Research Foundation of Korea;
                Award ID: NRF-2016R1D1A1B03931063
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003725, National Research Foundation of Korea;
                Award ID: 2017M3A9E4048170
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by KDE027401A (National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research); NRF-2016R1D1A1B03931063 and 2017M3A9E4048170. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
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                Pharmacology
                Drugs
                Antimicrobials
                Antibiotics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Microbial Control
                Antimicrobials
                Antibiotics
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                Anatomy
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