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      Manifestaciones dermatológicas asociadas a la gravedad de la infección por COVID-19. Estudio observacional transversal retrospectivo de 144 pacientes. Translated title: Dermatological manifestations associated with the severity of COVID-19 infection: A retrospective cross-sectional observational study in 144 patients

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          Abstract

          Introducción

          La infección por COVID-19 es una enfermedad provocada por el coronavirus tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), que afectar la mucosa respiratoria y todos aquellos órganos que presenten el receptor de angiotensina tipo 2 (ACE 2), incluyendo la piel. Diversos autores han mencionado la importancia de comunicar y llevar a cabo bases de datos sobre las lesiones cutáneas provocadas por este virus, dado que está relacionada con la detección, gravedad y pronóstico de la condición sistémica.

          Material y métodos

          Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal de corte retrospectivo de los casos de pacientes que presentaron manifestaciones dermatológicas por COVID-19, registrados en la base de datos física del Hospital Nacional Especializado de Villa Nueva, Guatemala entre el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre del año 2021.

          Resultados

          Un total de 144 pacientes presentaron manifestaciones dermatológicas por COVID-19 las cuales fueron: lesiones acrales (42%), rash (21%), enfisema subcutáneo (12%), lesiones en mucosa oral (7%), necrosis (6%), eritema multiforme (5%), efluvio telógeno (2%), lesiones vesiculares (2%), urticaria (1%), pitiriasis rosada de Gibert (1%) y lesión tipo livedo (1%). Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa ( p 0.00) en los pacientes que presentaron manifestaciones dermatológicas con daño vasculonecrótico al tener mayor probabilidad de padecer enfermedad grave-critica (OR 2,91; IC 95% 1063-3083).

          Conclusiones

          La identificación temprana de la semiología cutánea resulta esencial para el tratamiento adecuado de las complicaciones asociadas a la enfermedad por COVID-19.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction

          COVID-19 infection is a disease caused by the type 2 coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), whose consequence is to affect the respiratory mucosa and all those organs that present the type 2 angiotensin receptor (ACE2), within them the skin. Several authors have mentioned the importance of reporting and carrying out databases on skin lesions caused by this virus, since it is related to the detection, severity and prognosis of the systemic condition.

          Material and methods

          A retrospective cross-sectional observational study was carried out on the cases of patients who presented dermatological manifestations due to COVID-19, registered in the physical database of the National Specialized Hospital of Villa Nueva, Guatemala from January 1 to December 31 of 2021.

          Results

          A total of 144 patients presented dermatological manifestations due to COVID-19, which were: acral lesions (42%), rash (21%), subcutaneous emphysema (12%), oral mucosal lesions (7%), necrosis (6%), erythema multiforme (5%), telogen effluvium (2%), vesicular lesions (2%), urticaria (1%), pityriasis rosea Gibert (1%) and livedo-type lesion (1%). A statistically significant association (p 0.00) was found in patients who presented dermatological manifestations with vasculonecrotic damage as they were more likely to suffer from severe to critical disease (OR 2,91; 95% CI 1063-3083).

          Conclusions

          Early identification of cutaneous semiology is essential for timely management of complications associated with COVID-19 disease.

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          Most cited references26

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          Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: A report of five cases

          Acute respiratory failure and a systemic coagulopathy are critical aspects of the morbidity and mortality characterizing infection with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We examined skin and lung tissues from 5 patients with severe COVID-19 characterized by respiratory failure (n=5) and purpuric skin rash (n=3). The pattern of COVID-19 pneumonitis was predominantly a pauci-inflammatory septal capillary injury with significant septal capillary mural and luminal fibrin deposition and permeation of the inter-alveolar septa by neutrophils. No viral cytopathic changes were observed and the diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) with hyaline membranes, inflammation, and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, hallmarks of classic ARDS, were not prominent. These pulmonary findings were accompanied by significant deposits of terminal complement components C5b-9 (membrane attack complex), C4d, and mannose binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine protease (MASP)2, in the microvasculature, consistent with sustained, systemic activation of the alternative and lectin-based complement pathways. The purpuric skin lesions similarly showed a pauci-inflammatory thrombogenic vasculopathy, with deposition of C5b-9 and C4d in both grossly involved and normally-appearing skin. In addition, there was co-localization of COVID-19 spike glycoproteins with C4d and C5b-9 in the inter-alveolar septa and the cutaneous microvasculature of two cases examined. In conclusion, at least a subset of sustained, severe COVID-19 may define a type of catastrophic microvascular injury syndrome mediated by activation of complement pathways and an associated procoagulant state. It provides a foundation for further exploration of the pathophysiologic importance of complement in COVID-19, and could suggest targets for specific intervention.
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            Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases

            Summary Background Cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease are poorly characterized. Objectives To describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease and to relate them to other clinical findings Methods Nationwide case collection survey of images and clinical data. Using a consensus, we described 5 clinical patterns. We later described the association of these patterns with patient demographics, timing in relation to symptoms of the disease, severity, and prognosis. Results Lesions may be classified as acral areas of erythema with vesicles or pustules (Pseudo‐chilblain) (19%), other vesicular eruptions (9%), urticarial lesions (19%), maculopapular eruptions (47%) and livedo or necrosis (6%). Vesicular eruptions appear early in the course of the disease (15% before other symptoms). The pseudo‐chilblain pattern frequently appears late in the evolution of the COVID‐19 disease (59% after other symptoms), while the rest tend to appear with other symptoms of COVID‐19. Severity of COVID‐19 shows a gradient from less severe disease in acral lesions to most severe in the latter groups. Results are similar for confirmed and suspected cases, both in terms of clinical and epidemiological findings. Alternative diagnoses are discussed but seem unlikely for the most specific patterns (pseudo‐chilblain and vesicular). Conclusions We provide a description of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID‐19 infection. These may help clinicians approach patients with the disease and recognize paucisymptomatic cases.
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              [A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimally invasive autopsies].

              Objective: To investigate the pathological characteristics and the clinical significance of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (termed by WHO as corona virus disease 2019, COVID-19). Methods: Minimally invasive autopsies from lung, heart, kidney, spleen, bone marrow, liver, pancreas, stomach, intestine, thyroid and skin were performed on three patients died of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Chongqing, China. Hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE) and histochemical staining were performed to investigate the pathological changes of indicated organs or tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted to evaluate the infiltration of immune cells as well as the expression of 2019-nCoV proteins. Real time PCR was carried out to detect the RNA of 2019-nCoV. Results: Various damages were observed in the alveolar structure, with minor serous exudation and fibrin exudation. Hyaline membrane formation was observed in some alveoli. The infiltrated immune cells in alveoli were majorly macrophages and monocytes. Moderate multinucleated giant cells, minimal lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils were also observed. Most of infiltrated lymphocytes were CD4-positive T cells. Significant proliferation of type II alveolar epithelia and focal desquamation of alveolar epithelia were also indicated. The blood vessels of alveolar septum were congested, edematous and widened, with modest infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes. Hyaline thrombi were found in a minority of microvessels. Focal hemorrhage in lung tissue, organization of exudates in some alveolar cavities, and pulmonary interstitial fibrosiswere observed. Part of the bronchial epithelia were exfoliated. Coronavirus particles in bronchial mucosal epithelia and type II alveolar epithelia were observed under electron microscope. Immunohistochemical staining showed that part of the alveolar epithelia and macrophages were positive for 2019-nCoV antigen. Real time PCR analyses identified positive signals for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid. Decreased numbers of lymphocyte, cell degeneration and necrosis were observed in spleen. Furthermore, degeneration and necrosis of parenchymal cells, formation of hyaline thrombus in small vessels, and pathological changes of chronic diseases were observed in other organs and tissues, while no evidence of coronavirus infection was observed in these organs. Conclusion: s The lungs from novel coronavirus pneumonia patients manifest significant pathological lesions, including the alveolar exudative inflammation and interstitial inflammation, alveolar epithelium proliferation and hyaline membrane formation. While the 2019-nCoV is mainly distributed in lung, the infection also involves in the damages of heart, vessels, liver, kidney and other organs. Further studies are warranted to investigate the mechanism underlying pathological changes of this disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Piel
                Elsevier España, S.L.U.
                0213-9251
                1578-8830
                2 August 2022
                2 August 2022
                Affiliations
                Servicio de microbiología y enfermedades infecciosas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
                Author notes
                [* ]Autor para correspondencia.
                Article
                S0213-9251(22)00224-6
                10.1016/j.piel.2022.07.005
                9343741
                ee07505d-afc5-44e9-9651-570c759b7de4
                © 2022 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 21 June 2022
                : 15 July 2022
                Categories
                Original

                covid-19,dermatosis,manifestación,gravedad,piel,infección,skin disease,manifestation,severity,skin,infection

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