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      Infection Prevention during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic

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          Abstract

          COVID-19 is a nonspecific viral illness caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and led to an ongoing global pandemic. Transmission is primarily human-to-human via contact with respiratory particles containing infectious virus. The risk of transmission to health care personnel is low with proper use of personal protective equipment, including gowns, gloves, N95 or surgical mask, and eye protection. Additional measures affecting the risk of transmission include physical distancing, hand hygiene, routine cleaning and disinfection, appropriate air handling and ventilation, and public health interventions such as universal masking and stay-at-home orders.

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          Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

          Zunyou Wu, Jennifer M. McGoogan (2020)
          Article 0 comments Cited 8389 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia

            Qun Li, Xuhua Guan, Peng Wu … (2020)
            Abstract Background The initial cases of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)–infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 and January 2020. We analyzed data on the first 425 confirmed cases in Wuhan to determine the epidemiologic characteristics of NCIP. Methods We collected information on demographic characteristics, exposure history, and illness timelines of laboratory-confirmed cases of NCIP that had been reported by January 22, 2020. We described characteristics of the cases and estimated the key epidemiologic time-delay distributions. In the early period of exponential growth, we estimated the epidemic doubling time and the basic reproductive number. Results Among the first 425 patients with confirmed NCIP, the median age was 59 years and 56% were male. The majority of cases (55%) with onset before January 1, 2020, were linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, as compared with 8.6% of the subsequent cases. The mean incubation period was 5.2 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1 to 7.0), with the 95th percentile of the distribution at 12.5 days. In its early stages, the epidemic doubled in size every 7.4 days. With a mean serial interval of 7.5 days (95% CI, 5.3 to 19), the basic reproductive number was estimated to be 2.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.9). Conclusions On the basis of this information, there is evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. Considerable efforts to reduce transmission will be required to control outbreaks if similar dynamics apply elsewhere. Measures to prevent or reduce transmission should be implemented in populations at risk. (Funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and others.)
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              Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area

              Safiya Richardson, Jamie Hirsch, Mangala Narasimhan … (2020)
              There is limited information describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes of US patients requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
              Article 0 comments Cited 4656 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Infect Dis Clin North Am
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Infect Dis Clin North Am
                Title: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
                Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
                ISSN (Print): 0891-5520
                ISSN (Electronic): 1557-9824
                Publication date PMC-release: 12 February 2022
                Publication date (Print): March 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 February 2022
                Volume: 36
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 15-37
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8116, St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0891-5520(21)00101-X
                DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2021.12.002
                PMC ID: 8837397
                PubMed ID: 35168708
                SO-VID: ee2ce580-23d3-4a54-839e-891c46a2e48d
                Copyright © © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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                Subject: Article

                Keywords: covid-19,sars-cov-2,coronavirus,infection prevention,epidemiology,transmission,personal protective equipment,public health
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, sars-cov-2, coronavirus, infection prevention, epidemiology, transmission, personal protective equipment, public health

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