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      Specific algorithm method of scoring the Clock Drawing Test applied in cognitively normal elderly Translated title: MÉTODO COM ALGORITMO ESPECÍFICO PARA PONTUAÇÃO DO TESTE DO DESENHO DO RELÓGIO EM IDOSOS COGNITIVAMENTE NORMAIS

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          Abstract

          The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is an inexpensive, fast and easily administered measure of cognitive function, especially in the elderly. This instrument is a popular clinical tool widely used in screening for cognitive disorders and dementia. The CDT can be applied in different ways and scoring procedures also vary.

          Objective

          The aims of this study were to analyze the performance of elderly on the CDT and evaluate inter-rater reliability of the CDT scored by using a specific algorithm method adapted from Sunderland et al. (1989).

          Methods

          We analyzed the CDT of 100 cognitively normal elderly aged 60 years or older. The CDT ("free-drawn") and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were administered to all participants. Six independent examiners scored the CDT of 30 participants to evaluate inter-rater reliability.

          Results and Conclusion

          A score of 5 on the proposed algorithm ("Numbers in reverse order or concentrated"), equivalent to 5 points on the original Sunderland scale, was the most frequent (53.5%). The CDT specific algorithm method used had high inter-rater reliability (p<0.01), and mean score ranged from 5.06 to 5.96. The high frequency of an overall score of 5 points may suggest the need to create more nuanced evaluation criteria, which are sensitive to differences in levels of impairment in visuoconstructive and executive abilities during aging.

          Translated abstract

          O Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR) é uma barata e rápida medida de função cognitiva, de fácil aplicação, especialmente em idosos. Este instrumento é uma ferramenta clínica muito conhecida, amplamente utilizada no rastreamento de transtornos cognitivos e demência. O TDR pode ser aplicado de diferentes formas e a sua pontuação também varia.

          Objetivo

          Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar o desempenho dos idosos no TDR e avaliar a confiabilidade inter-examinadores do TDR pontuado por um método com algoritmo específico, adaptado a partir dos critérios estabelecidos por Sunderland et al. (1989).

          Métodos

          Analisamos o TDR de 100 idosos cognitivamente saudáveis com 60 anos de idade ou mais. O TDR ("desenho livre") e o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) foram administrados em todos os participantes. Seis avaliadores independentes pontuaram 30 TDR para avaliar a confiabilidade inter-examinadores.

          Resultados e Conclusão

          A pontuação 5 do algoritmo proposto ("Os números em ordem inversa ou concentrados") equivalente a 5 pontos na escala original de Sunderland foi a mais frequente (53,5%). O método com algoritmo específico do TDR utilizado teve alta confiabilidade entre avaliadores (p<0,01), e a média da pontuação variou entre 5,06 e 5,96. A alta frequência de 5 pontos na pontuação geral pode sugerir a necessidade da elaboração de critérios de avaliação mais sutis, que sejam sensíveis às diferenças entre indícios de comprometimento nas habilidades visuoconstrutivas e executivas durante o envelhecimento.

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          Most cited references79

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          Clock-drawing: is it the ideal cognitive screening test?

          The clock-drawing test has achieved widespread clinical use in recent years as a cognitive screening instrument and a significant amount of literature relates to its psychometric properties and clinical utility. This review aims to synthesize the available evidence and assess the value of this screening test according to well-defined criteria. A Medline and Psycho-info literature search of all languages was done from 1983 to 1998 including manual cross-referencing of bibliographies. A brief summary of all original scoring systems is provided as well as a review of replication studies. Psychometric data including correlations with other cognitive tests were recorded. Qualitative aspects of the test are also described. Among published studies, the mean sensitivity (85%) and specificity (85%) of the clock-drawing test are impressive. Correlations with the Mini-Mental State Examination and other cognitive tests was high, generally greater than r = 0.5. High levels of inter-rater and test-re-test reliability and positive predictive value are recorded and despite significant variability in the scoring systems, all report similar psychometric properties. The clock test also shows a sensitivity to cognitive change with good predictive validity. The clock-drawing test meets defined criteria for a cognitive screening instrument. It taps into a wide range of cognitive abilities including executive functions, is quick and easy to administer and score with excellent acceptability by subjects. Together with informant reports, the clock-drawing test is complementary to the widely used and validated Mini-Mental State Examination and should provide a significant advance in the early detection of dementia and in monitoring cognitive change. A simple scoring system with emphasis on the qualitative aspects of clock-drawing should maximize its utility. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            [Suggestions for utilization of the mini-mental state examination in Brazil].

            Mini-metal state examination (MMSE) is a screening test to detect cognitive impairment. The objectives of the present study are to describe some adaptations for use of MMSE in Brazil and to propose rules for its uniform application. We evaluated 433 healthy subjects using the MMSE and verified the possible influence of demographic variables on total scores. Educational level was the main factor that influenced performance, demonstrated by ANOVA: F(4,425) = 100.45, p<0.0001. The median values for educational groups were: 20 for illiterates; 25 for 1 to 4 yrs; 26.5 for 5 to 8 yrs; 28 for 9 to 11 yrs and 29 for higher levels. The MMSE is an excellent screening instrument and definitive rules are necessary for comparison purposes.
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              Clock drawing in Alzheimer's disease. A novel measure of dementia severity.

              We have tested a simple and reliable measure of visuospatial ability in Alzheimer patients--the Clock Drawing Test. To determine the usefulness of this measure, we asked 67 Alzheimer patients and 83 normal controls to draw the face of a clock reading the time of 2:45. Six independent observers blindly evaluated the results with ratings from 10 (best) to 1 (worst). The mean performance score of Alzheimer subjects was 4.9 +/- 2.7 compared to 8.7 +/- 1.1 for normal controls (P less than .001). Inter-rater reliability for the clocks drawn by Alzheimer patients was highly significant (r = 0.86; P less than .001), and there was relatively little overlap between ratings for Alzheimer patients and normal controls. Furthermore, correlations were highly significant (P less than .001) between the mean score of clock drawings and three independent global measures of dementia severity. Although the Clock Drawing Test is certainly not a definitive indicator of Alzheimer's disease, the test is easy to administer and provides a useful measure of dementia severity for both research and office settings where sophisticated neuropsychological testing is not available.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Dement Neuropsychol
                Dement Neuropsychol
                dn
                Dementia & Neuropsychologia
                Associação de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento
                1980-5764
                Apr-Jun 2015
                Apr-Jun 2015
                : 9
                : 2
                : 128-135
                Affiliations
                [1 ]PhD, Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
                [2 ]Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK.
                [3 ]BsC, Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Helenice Charchat-Fichmann. Rua Marquês de São Vicente 255 / 2º andar – Departamento de Psicologia – 22543-900 Rio de Janeiro RJ – Brasil. E-mail: hcfichman@ 123456puc-rio.br ; hcharchat@ 123456uol.com.br
                Article
                10.1590/1980-57642015DN92000007
                5619351
                ee646346-4880-42a9-b0a8-9dad95bb165d

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 12 February 2015
                : 25 April 2015
                Categories
                Original Articles

                clock drawing test,inter-rater reliability,elderly,neuropsychology

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