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      Expression of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide in Efferent Vestibular System and Vestibular Nucleus in Rats with Motion Sickness

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          Abstract

          Motion sickness presents a challenge due to its high incidence and unknown pathogenesis although it is a known fact that a functioning vestibular system is essential for the perception of motion sickness. Recent studies show that the efferent vestibular neurons contain calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). It is a possibility that the CGRP immunoreactivity (CGRPi) fibers of the efferent vestibular system modulate primary afferent input into the central nervous system; thus, making it likely that CGRP plays a key role in motion sickness. To elucidate the relationship between motion sickness and CGRP, the effects of CGRP on the vestibular efferent nucleus and the vestibular nucleus were investigated in rats with motion sickness.

          Methods

          An animal model of motion sickness was created by subjecting rats to rotary stimulation for 30 minutes via a trapezoidal stimulation pattern. The number of CGRPi neurons in the vestibular efferent nucleus at the level of the facial nerve genu and the expression level of CGRPi in the vestibular nucleus of rats were measured. Using the ABC method of immunohistochemistry technique, measurements were taken before and after rotary stimulation. The effects of anisodamine on the expression of CGRP in the vestibular efferent nucleus and the vestibular nucleus of rats with motion sickness were also investigated.

          Results and Discussion

          Both the number of CGRPi neurons in the vestibular efferent nucleus and expression level in the vestibular nucleus increased significantly in rats with motion sickness compared to that of controls. The increase of CGRP expression in rats subjected to rotary stimulation 3 times was greater than those having only one-time stimulation. Administration of anisodamine decreased the expression of CGRP within the vestibular efferent nucleus and the vestibular nucleus in rats subjected to rotary stimulation. In conclusion, CGRP possibly plays a role in motion sickness and its mechanism merits further investigation.

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          Most cited references19

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          Motion sickness susceptibility.

          John F. Golding (2006)
          Motion sickness can be caused by a variety of motion environments (e.g., cars, boats, planes, tilting trains, funfair rides, space, virtual reality) and given a sufficiently provocative motion stimulus almost anyone with a functioning vestibular system can be made motion sick. Current hypotheses of the 'Why?' of motion sickness are still under investigation, the two most important being 'toxin detector' and the 'vestibular-cardiovascular reflex'. By contrast, the 'How?' of motion sickness is better understood in terms of mechanisms (e.g., 'sensory conflict' or similar) and stimulus properties (e.g., acceleration, frequency, duration, visual-vestibular time-lag). Factors governing motion sickness susceptibility may be divided broadly into two groups: (i) those related to the stimulus (motion type and provocative property of stimulus); and (ii) those related to the individual person (habituation or sensitisation, individual differences, protective behaviours, administration of anti-motion sickness drugs). The aim of this paper is to review some of the more important factors governing motion sickness susceptibility, with an emphasis on the personal rather than physical stimulus factors.
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            Research in visually induced motion sickness.

            Robert Kennedy, Julie Drexler, Robert Kennedy (2010)
            While humans have experienced motion sickness symptoms in response to inertial motion from early history through the present day, motion sickness symptoms also occur from exposure to some types of visual displays. Even in the absence of physical motion, symptoms may result from visually perceived motion, which are often classified as effects of visually induced motion sickness (VIMS). This paper provides a brief discussion of general motion sickness and then reviews findings from three lines of recent VIMS investigations that we have conducted. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Motion sickness: advances in pathogenesis, prediction, prevention, and treatment.

              Stuart Gordon, Avi Shupak (2006)
              Motion sickness has a major influence on modern traveling activities and the rapidly spreading engagement in virtual reality immersion. Recent evidence emphasizes the role of the otoliths in the pathogenesis of motion sickness, and several new theories may help explain its occurrence beyond the traditional sensory conflict theory. A promising new direction is the recently reported association of genetic polymorphism of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor with increased autonomic response to stress and motion sickness. Various physiological measures for the evaluation and prediction of motion sickness have been tested. However, no single parameter has yet been found to be of high enough sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis or prediction of individual motion sickness susceptibility. A number of pharmacological and non-pharmacological countermeasures are used for the prevention and treatment of motion sickness. The non-pharmacological options include all procedures that reduce conflicting sensory input, accelerate the process of multi-sensory adaptation, and promote psychological factors which enable the subject to cope with his/her condition. The most effective anti-motion sickness drugs are central acting anticholinergics and H1 antihistamines; however, adverse effects on psychomotor performance may limit their use in drivers, pilots, and naval crewmembers. Recent studies may be relevant to our understanding of the link between motion sickness, migraine, vertigo, and anxiety. Based on these findings and on recent neurochemical data, the development of new anti-motion sickness agents is a promising field of investigation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bruce Riley: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 October 2012
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: e47308
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
                [2 ]Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
                Texas A&M University, United States of America
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: FL ZZ WX. Performed the experiments: WX SZ XJ. Analyzed the data: ZL FL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZL SZ. Wrote the paper: WX FL XJ.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-12-12419
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047308
                PMC ID: 3467246
                PubMed ID: 23056625
                SO-VID: eeed69e8-eb62-45c8-9021-06e947d1db1e
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2012
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 1 May 2012
                Date accepted : 11 September 2012
                Page count
                Pages: 7
                Funding
                This work was supported by grants from the Shaanxi Natural Science Fund 2009K17-02(46), China. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
                Subject: Neurological System
                Subject: Sensory Physiology
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Computational Neuroscience
                Subject: Sensory Systems
                Subject: Neurobiology of Disease and Regeneration
                Subject: Neurophysiology
                Subject: Sensory Perception
                Subject: Sensory Systems
                Subject: Medicine
                Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
                Subject: Neurological System
                Subject: Sensory Physiology
                Subject: Sensory Systems
                Subject: Mental Health
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Sensory Perception
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Otorhinolaryngology
                Subject: Otology
                Subject: Social and Behavioral Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Sensory Perception

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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