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      Estudio controlado doble-ciego con clonazepam y placebo en pacientes con trastorno de ansiedad social Translated title: Double-blind controlled study with clonazapam and placebo in social anxiety disorder

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción El trastorno de ansiedad social o fobia social afecta a 4.7% de la población, de acuerdo con reportes epidemiológicos de México y otros países. Los síntomas de este trastorno son más frecuentes en la mujer (5.4%) que en el hombre (3.8%) y en personas jóvenes (18 a 29 años) con una edad de inicio de 13 años. El tratamiento de la fobia social es importante ya que este padecimiento se asocia con comorbilidad psiquiátrica, abuso y dependencia de sustancias, mayor incidencia de intentos suicidas y dependencia financiera. Entre los tratamientos farmacológicos para este trastorno contamos con antidepresivos del tipo ISRS e IMAO y benzodiacepinas. En 1993 Davidson et al. publicaron el primer estudio doble-ciego controlado con placebo y clonazepam en el tratamiento de la fobia social. Los autores encontraron que el clonazepam mejoraba a los pacientes desde la primera semana de tratamiento. Nosotros estudiamos la efectividad y tolerabilidad del clonazepam en pacientes con fobia social en un estudio de 24 semanas, doble-ciego con asignación al azar, controlado contra placebo. Este estudio incluyó una fase simple-ciego de tratamiento con placebo de una semana, 16 semanas de tratamiento doble-ciego con clonazepam o placebo y una fase final de discontinuación con placebo simple-ciego. Material y métodos El diagnóstico de fobia social se estableció de acuerdo con la sección de trastornos de ansiedad del SCID-I para establecer el diagnóstico de acuerdo a los criterios del DSM-III-R. Se incluyeron 62 pacientes en la fase simple-ciego, 53 de los cuales ingresaron a la fase doble-ciego del estudio por no haber mejorado. Las evaluaciones clínicas se realizaron con las escalas ICG de severidad y de mejoría de 8 puntos para la Enfermedad global, Ansiedad anticipatoria y Evitación fóbica, las escalas HamA y Covi, Liebowitz Social Phobic Disorder Rating Form (LSPD), HamD y de Raskin. Los pacientes completaron la ICG-S y la ICG-M de 8 puntos, la escala de Liebowitz para ansiedad social (LSAS), la escala de miedos de Marks y la escala de incapacidad. Resultados En la fase doble-ciego del estudio 27 pacientes recibieron placebo y 26, clonazepam. A la fase de seguimiento doble-ciego de 10 semanas entraron sólo los pacientes que mejoraron, 20 en clonazepam (73%) y siete en placebo (25.9%). Las evaluaciones clínicas fueron realizadas cada semana durante las primeras cuatro semanas y cada dos semanas posteriormente. El análisis de las evaluaciones clínicas al punto final del tratamiento mostró un mayor beneficio en los pacientes que recibieron clonazepam que aquellos que estuvieron con placebo (ANOVA p=.001). En la escala ICG de mejoría las respuestas «muy mejorado» y «mucho muy mejorado» al final del tratamiento se observaron en 65.3% (N=17) de los pacientes con clonazepam y en 29.6% (N=8) de pacientes con placebo. Con clonazepam se observó mejoría desde la segunda semana del tratamiento (ANOVA p=.001). La razón más frecuente para no completar el estudio fue la respuesta clínica insuficiente (19% en clonazepam n=5 y 66.6% en placebo n=18; P=.001), abandono del tratamiento (NS) y experiencias adversas (NS). La dosis final de clonazepam fue de 3.4±DS 2.27 mg/día. Se presentaron más eventos adversos con clonazepam (3.85 ± 3.13) que con placebo (0.81 ± 1.08) (p<.0001). Cuatro pacientes de 16 (25%) en clonazepam que iniciaron la fase de supresión abandonaron el estudio por síndromes de supresión del medicamento. Discusión Nuestro estudio corrobora los hallazgos del primer estudio controlado de Davidson et al., de 1993, y datos de numerosos estudios abiertos en el sentido de que el clonazepam es un tratamiento rápido y eficaz para el trastorno de ansiedad social. Nuestro estudio aporta también datos sobre la prevalencia de sucesos adversos y síntomas de supresión y recaídas tempranas al retirar el clonazepam hasta en 25% de pacientes. Las benzodiacepinas pueden estar contraindicadas en grupos de pacientes con patología comórbida y aquellos que abusan o son adictos al alcohol y las drogas. En tales casos la terapia cognoscitivo-conductual acompañada de medicamentos antidepresivos del tipo ISRS o IMAO puede ser una mejor opción de tratamiento primario para la fobia social.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction Social anxiety disorder or social phobia affects approximately 4.7% of the general population as shown in Mexican epidemiological studies and studies done in other countries. The symptoms of this disorder are more frequent in women (5.4%) than in men (3.8%) and younger people (18 to 29 years), with an average onset age of 13 years. The main clinical characteristic of social phobia is an intense and irrational fear to be exposed to social situations. Social phobia emerges to anticipate or be submitted into situations where the subject could be evaluated or be observed by others. Treatment of social phobia is important because this disorder has been associated with an increase rate of suicidal intents, financial dependency and psychiatric comorbidity. Pharmacological treatment of social phobia includes SSRI and MAOI antidepressants and benzodiacepines. For the treatment of social phobia, potent benzodiacepines, such as alprazolam and clonazepam, have showed efficacy in several studies. In 1993 Davidson et al. published the first double-blind controlled study with clonazepam in patients with social phobia. They found that patients using clonazepam showed an improvement from the first week of treatment and that improvement persisted during the study and was superior to placebo. The objective of the present study was to improve our knowledge about the efficacy and tolerability of clonazepam in patients with social phobia. We studied a group of social phobic patients during 24 weeks in a double-blind treatment study with clonazepam and placebo. Patients took one week single-blind of placebo, followed by 16 weeks of double-blind treatment with clonazepam or placebo. During the first six weeks of the double-blind treatment, dosage was adjusted looking for maximal improvement and tolerability. After this phase we selected only those patients who improved and they were treated double-blind for 10 more weeks with clonazepam or placebo. Discontinuation of treatment was done in a period of two weeks during which clonazepam was changed to placebo and then patients followed with a four weeks of single-blind treatment with placebo. Methods All patients signed consent forms for the study which was approved by our hospital Ethical Committee. Patients were selected from those who looked for help in our Anxiety and Depression Research Clinic or by newspaper advertising. All candidate patients were interviewed with the SCID-I Anxiety Disorders section for DSM-III-R diagnosis of social phobia. Also, patients had to rank in the PARS scale a higher score in the Social phobia section than in the Separation phobia section. Also, patients included had to have at least a moderate severity of social anxiety disorder. Exclusion criteria required that patients had not had any other psychiatric disorders, including psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder, major depression, history of abuse or addiction to alcohol or drugs, eating disorders and anxiety disorders as panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Also, patients needed to be free of any psychotropic medication. A two week of discontinuation phase was conducted with patients receiving benzodiacepines or antidepressants (six weeks for fluoxetine). From a total of 85 patients (78% males and 22% females), 62 were admitted in the fist single-blind week of placebo. Mean age of patients included (± DS) was 28.17 (8.95) years (79 % male and 79% single). Of them, nine patients (14.5%) showed a placebo response and were not admitted to the double-blind treatment phase. A clinical evaluation of the patients was carried out on each visit with the Clinical Global Impression of severity and improvement of eight points for the Global severity of social phobia, Anticipatory anxiety and Phobic avoidance, the Hamilton anxiety and COVI scales, the Liebowitz Social Phobic Disorder Rating Form (LSPD) and the Hamilton depression and Raskin scales. Also, patients completed on each visit the Global impression of severity and improvement of 8 points, the Liebowitz social anxiety scale (LSAS), the Marks' fear questionnaire and an Incapacity score. Patients were evaluated each week for the first four weeks of double-blind treatment and later each two weeks.

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          Most cited references32

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          Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale

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            Social phobia. Comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample.

            Selected sociodemographic and clinical features of social phobia were assessed in four US communities among more than 13,000 adults from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Rates of social phobia were highest among women and persons who were younger (age, 18 to 29 years), less educated, single, and of lower socioeconomic class. Mean age at onset was 15.5 years, and first onsets after the age of 25 years were uncommon. Lifetime major comorbid disorders were present in 69% of subjects with social phobia and usually had onset after social phobia. When compared with persons with no psychiatric disorder, uncomplicated social phobia was associated with increased rates of suicidal ideation, financial dependency, and having sought medical treatment, but was not associated with higher rates of having made a suicide attempt or having sought treatment from a mental health professional. An increase in suicide attempts was found among subjects with social phobia overall, but this increase was mainly attributable to comorbid cases. Social phobia, in the absence of comorbidity, was associated with distress and impairment, yet was rarely treated by mental health professionals. The findings are compared and contrasted with prior reports from clinical samples.
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              Treatment of social phobia with clonazepam and placebo.

              Clonazepam and placebo were administered in a double-blind pilot study to 75 outpatients with social phobia. The mean maximum dose of clonazepam was 2.4 mg/day at endpoint (range, 0.5 to 3 mg). Treatment was continued for up to 10 weeks. The results of an intent-to-treat analysis indicated superior effects of clonazepam on most measures. Response rates for clonazepam and placebo were 78.3 and 20.0%. Drug effects were apparent on performance and generalized social anxiety, on fear and phobic avoidance, on interpersonal sensitivity, on fears of negative evaluation, and on disability measures. Significant differences were evident by week 1, 2, or 6, depending upon the rating scale used. Clonazepam was well tolerated in general, although unsteadiness and dizziness were more severe and persistent than was the case for placebo subjects.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sm
                Salud mental
                Salud Ment
                Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (México, DF, Mexico )
                0185-3325
                August 2008
                : 31
                : 4
                : 299-306
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameHospital Universitario, Instituto de Información e Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León orgdiv1Instituto de Información e Investigación en Salud Mental AC
                Article
                S0185-33252008000400007 S0185-3325(08)03100400007
                efe25f85-cd33-4d3b-a1f4-8d29d272a70d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 November 2006
                : 28 February 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

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                Artículos originales

                treatment,tratamiento,Social phobia,Fobia social,placebo,clonazepam

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