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      Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Perceived Stress Scale in Policewomen

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          Abstract

          Background

          The 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) is one of most widely used instruments to measure a global level of perceived stress in a range of clinical and research settings. This study was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the Simplified Chinese version of the PSS-10 in policewomen.

          Methodology

          A total of 240 policewomen were recruited in this study. The Simplified Chinese versions of the PSS-10, the Beck Depression Inventory Revised (BDI-II), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were administered to all participants, and 36 of the participants were re-tested two weeks after the initial testing.

          Principal Findings

          The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.86, and the test–retest reliability coefficient was 0.68. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) yielded 2 factors with eigenvalues of 4.76 and 1.48, accounting for 62.41% of variance. Factor 1 consisted of 6 items representing “negative feelings”; whereas Factor 2 consisted of 4 items representing “positive feelings”. The item loadings ranged from 0.72 to 0.83. The Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated a very good fit of this two-factor model to this sample. The PSS-10 significantly correlated with both BDI-II and BAI, indicating an acceptable concurrent validity.

          Conclusions

          The Simplified Chinese version of the PSS-10 demonstrated adequate psychometric properties for evaluating stress levels. The results support its use among the Chinese population.

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          Three versions of Perceived Stress Scale: validation in a sample of Chinese cardiac patients who smoke

          Doris YP Leung, Tai Lam, Sophia Chan (2010)
          Background Smoking causes heart disease, the major cause of death in China and Hong Kong. Stress is one major trigger of smoking and relapse, and understanding stress among smoking cardiac patients can therefore help in designing effective interventions to motivate them to quit. The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and to compare the appropriateness of the three versions of the scale (PSS-14, PSS-10, and PSS-4) among Chinese cardiac patients who were also smokers. Methods From March 2002 to December 2004, 1860 cardiac patients who smoked were recruited at the cardiac outpatient clinics of ten acute hospitals in Hong Kong, and 1800 questionnaires were analysed. Participants completed a questionnaire including the PSS, nicotine dependence and certain demographic variables. The psychometric properties of the PSS were investigated: construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis, reliability using Cronbach's alpha and concurrent validity by examining the relationship with smoking- and health-related variables. Results For all the three versions of the PSS, confirmatory factor analyses corroborated the 2-factor structure of the scale, with the positive and negative factors correlating significantly and negatively to a moderate extent (r 0.5). All the correlations of the two subscales and the smoking- and health-related variables were statistically significant and in the expected directions although of small magnitudes, except daily cigarette consumption. Conclusions The findings confirmed the satisfactory psychometric properties of all three Chinese versions of PSS. We recommend the use of PSS-10 for research which focuses on the two components of perceived stress, as it shows a higher reliability; and the use of PSS-4 if such partition is not essential and space for multiple measures is limited.
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            Perceived stress scale: reliability and validity study in Brazil.

            Pedro M. R. Reis, Ciro Romélio Rodriguez-Añez, Adriano Hino (2009)
            The perceived stress scale (PSS-10) reliability and validity were evaluated in Brazilian adults. A two-stage translation procedure was employed to achieve a Portuguese version. Participants were 793 Brazilian university teachers. The exploratory factor analysis showed two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0 (56.8% of variance). The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.83 (Factor 1), 0.77 (Factor 2) and 0.87 (Total Score). The test-retest reliability scores were 0.83 (Factor 1), 0.68 (Factor 2) and 0.86 (Total Score). PSS-10 and perceived health correlations ranged from -0.22 to -0.35. The PSS-10 showed an adequate reliability and validity supporting its use in this population.
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              Validation of the Arabic version of the Cohen perceived stress scale (PSS-10) among pregnant and postpartum women

              Monique Chaaya, Hibah Osman, Georges Naassan … (2010)
              Background This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of the Arabic translation of the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) in pregnant and postpartum women. Methods A sample of 268 women participated. These included 113 women in their third trimester of pregnancy, 97 in the postpartum period and 58 healthy female university students. GHQ-12 and EPDS were also administered to the participants. Internal consistency reliability, assessed using Cronbach's α, was 0.74. Results PSS-10 significantly correlated with both EPDS and GHQ12 (ρ = 0.58 and ρ = 0.48 respectively), and significantly increased with higher scores on stressful life events. PSS-10 scores were higher among university students who also recorded higher stressful life events scores. Conclusion The Arabic translated version of the PSS-10 showed reasonably adequate psychometric properties.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 December 2011
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: e28610
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
                [2 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
                University of Illinois at Chicago, United States of America
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: ZW JC ZX. Performed the experiments: JC XJ HZ JQ. Analyzed the data: ZW JC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZW JEB. Wrote the paper: ZW JEB ZX.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-11-16336
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028610
                PMC ID: 3229602
                PubMed ID: 22164311
                SO-VID: f0147022-d8ab-43c5-a96a-2d333c7601de
                Copyright © Wang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Date received : 18 August 2011
                Date accepted : 11 November 2011
                Page count
                Pages: 4
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Population Biology
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Epidemiological Methods
                Subject: Social Epidemiology
                Subject: Medicine
                Subject: Clinical Research Design
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Social Epidemiology
                Subject: Mental Health
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychological Stress
                Subject: Psychometrics
                Subject: Psychiatry
                Subject: Social and Behavioral Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Psychological Stress
                Subject: Psychometrics

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