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      Confidencialidad e intimidad Translated title: Confidentiality and privacy

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          Abstract

          El secreto siempre ha formado parte de la atención al enfermo. Ya en los albores de la medicina occidental, no decir a otros lo que el médico conociera de su paciente era considerado una exigencia del buen hacer. El cambio sustancial acaecido en las últimas décadas es la transformación del secreto en un derecho ciudadano. El reconocimiento a la autonomía personal del paciente sustenta su derecho a consentir o rechazar las propuestas de los profesionales de la salud y también a decidir quién puede acceder a sus datos personales y qué límites impone al manejo de su cuerpo. Sin embargo, la intimidad de los pacientes sigue siendo vulnerada con frecuencia quizás porque vivimos en una sociedad que trivializa estas cuestiones y el ámbito sanitario no es impermeable a esta manera de pensar. Las nuevas tecnologías de la información han añadido, además, un nuevo peligro facilitando enormemente el acceso a los datos personales. En este artículo se revisan los aspectos éticos y legales sobre este tema, los resultados de una investigación llevada a cabo sobre el modo en que los profesionales de ocho hospitales españoles tratan la confidencialidad y se esbozan algunas recomendaciones en un intento de promover la reflexión de los profesionales que interactúan en un escenario donde el paciente se ve obligado a desnudarse en cuerpo y alma.

          Translated abstract

          Secrecy has always been a part of patient care. Already at the dawn of western medicine, not telling others what the doctor might know about his patient was considered a requirement of good practice. A substantial change that has occurred in recent decades is the transformation of secrecy into a citizen’s right. Recognition of the personal autonomy of the patient forms the basis of his right to consent to, or reject, the proposals of the health professionals, and also to decide who can have access to his personal data and what limits he imposes on the handling of his body. Nonetheless, the intimacy of patients frequently continues to be violated, perhaps because we live in a society that trivialises these questions, and the health milieu is not immune to this way of thinking. Besides, the new information technologies have added a new danger by enormously facilitating access to personal data. This article reviews the ethical and legal aspects of this issue, the results of research carried out on the way the professionals of eight Spanish hospitals deal with confidentiality, and some recommendations are outlined in an attempt to encourage reflection by the professionals who interact in a scenario where the patient is obliged to lay himself bare in body and soul.

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          Most cited references19

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          Concerns over confidentiality may deter adolescents from consulting their doctors. A qualitative exploration.

          Young people who are concerned that consultations may not remain confidential are reluctant to consult their doctors, especially about sensitive issues. This study sought to identify issues and concerns of adolescents, and their parents, in relation to confidentiality and teenagers' personal health information. Recruitment was conducted in paediatric dermatology and general surgery outpatient clinics, and on general surgery paediatric wards. Interviews were conducted in subjects' own homes. Semistructured interviews were used for this exploratory qualitative study. Interviews were carried out with 11 young women and nine young men aged 14-17. Parents of 18 of the young people were interviewed separately. Transcripts of tape recorded interviews provided the basis for a framework analysis. Young women were more concerned than young men, and older teenagers more concerned than younger teenagers, about people other than their general practitioner (GP) having access to their health information. Young people with little experience of the healthcare system were less happy than those with greater knowledge of the National Health Service (NHS) for non-medical staff to access their health information. As they grow older, adolescents become increasingly concerned that their health information should remain confidential. Young people's willingness to be open in consultations could be enhanced by doctors taking time to explain to them that their discussion is completely confidential. Alternatively, if for any reason confidentiality cannot be assured, doctors should explain why.
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            Consent, competence, and confidentiality.

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              A qualitative study of women's views on medical confidentiality.

              The need to reinvigorate medical confidentiality protections is recognised as an important objective in building patient trust necessary for successful health outcomes. Little is known about patient understanding and expectations from medical confidentiality. To identify and describe patient views of medical confidentiality and to assess provisionally the range of these views. Qualitative study using indepth, open ended face-to-face interviews. Southeastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey, USA. A total of 85 women interviewed at two clinical sites and three community/research centres. Subjects' understanding of medical confidentiality, beliefs about the handling of confidential information and concerns influencing disclosure of information to doctors. The subjects defined medical confidentiality as the expectation that something done or said would be kept "private" but differed on what information was confidential and the basis and methods for protecting information. Some considered all medical information as confidential and thought confidentiality protections functioned to limit its circulation to medical uses and reimbursement needs. Others defined only sensitive or potentially stigmatising information as confidential. Many of these also defined medical confidentiality as a strict limit prohibiting information release, although some noted that specific permission or urgent need could override this limit. Patients share a basic understanding of confidentiality as protection of information, but some might have expectations that are likely not met by current practice nor anticipated by doctors. Doctors should recognise that patients might have their own medical confidentiality models. They should address divergences from current practice and provide support to those who face emotional or practical obstacles to self-revelation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                asisna
                Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra
                Anales Sis San Navarra
                Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Salud (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                1137-6627
                2006
                : 29
                : suppl 3
                : 49-59
                Affiliations
                [01] Pamplona orgnameHospital Virgen del Camino
                Article
                S1137-66272006000600006
                10.4321/s1137-66272006000600006
                f04552df-c46b-41f2-8be3-bbd023fa3a2b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Confidencialidad,Intimidad,Secreto,Relación clínica,Historia clínica electrónica,Confidentiality,Intimacy,Secrecy,Clinical relationship,Electronic clinical history

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