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      Using lot quality-assurance sampling and area sampling to identify priority areas for trachoma control: Viet Nam Translated title: Identification des zones prioritaires pour la lutte contre le trachome au Viet Nam par des méthodes de sondage aréolaire et d'échantillonnage par lots pour l'assurance de la qualité Translated title: Muestreo por lotes para la garantía de la calidad y muestreo por áreas en la determinación de las áreas prioritarias para el control del tracoma en Viet Nam

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To report on the use of lot quality-assurance sampling (LQAS) surveys undertaken within an area-sampling framework to identify priority areas for intervention with trachoma control activities in Viet Nam. METHODS: The LQAS survey method for the rapid assessment of the prevalence of active trachoma was adapted for use in Viet Nam with the aim of classifying individual communes by the prevalence of active trachoma among children in primary school. Schoolbased sampling was used; school sites to be sampled were selected using an area-sampling approach. A total of 719 communes in 41 districts in 18 provinces were surveyed. FINDINGS: Survey staff found the LQAS survey method both simple and rapid to use after initial problems with area-sampling methods were identified and remedied. The method yielded a finer spatial resolution of prevalence than had been previously achieved in Viet Nam using semiquantitative rapid assessment surveys and multistage cluster-sampled surveys. CONCLUSION: When used with area-sampling techniques, the LQAS survey method has the potential to form the basis of survey instruments that can be used to efficiently target resources for interventions against active trachoma. With additional work, such methods could provide a generally applicable tool for effective programme planning and for the certification of the elimination of trachoma as a blinding disease.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Rendre compte de l'utilisation d'enquêtes par échantillonnage par lots pour l'assurance de la qualité (LQAS) dans le cadre d'un sondage aréolaire pour identifier les zones d'intervention prioritaire dans la lutte contre le trachome au Viet Nam. MÉTHODES: La méthode d'enquête LQAS, destinée à l'évaluation rapide de la prévalence du trachome actif, a été adaptée pour être appliquée au Viet Nam à la classification des communes en fonction de la prévalence du trachome actif chez les élèves du primaire. On a procédé à un sondage dans le cadre des écoles. Une démarche de type sondage aréolaire a permis la sélection des sites scolaires devant faire l'objet d'un sondage. Au total, l'étude a porté sur 719 communes, réparties dans 41 districts et 18 provinces. RÉSULTATS: Le personnel chargé de l'enquête a trouvé la technique LQAS à la fois simple et rapide, une fois les problèmes initiaux rencontrés avec les méthodes de sondage aréolaire identifiés et réglés. Cette technique a fourni une résolution spatiale pour la prévalence plus fine que celle obtenue précédemment au Viet Nam à partir d'enquêtes par évaluation semiquantitative rapide et d'enquêtes par sondage en grappes à plusieurs degrés. CONCLUSION: Utilisée en association avec des techniques de sondage aréolaire, la méthode LQAS peut servir de base à des instruments d'enquête, applicables au ciblage efficace de la mise en œuvre des ressources dont disposent les interventions contre le trachome actif. Moyennant quelques perfectionnements, cette méthode pourrait fournir un outil efficient de planification des programmes, applicable dans la majorité des cas et permettant de s'assurer de l'élimination du trachome en tant qu'affection céssitante.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Informar sobre el uso de los estudios de muestreo por lotes para la garantía de la calidad (LQAS) emprendidos en un marco de muestreo por áreas a fin de identificar las áreas prioritarias para las actividades de control del tracoma en Viet Nam. MÉTODOS: La aplicación del método LQAS a la evaluación rápida de la prevalencia del tracoma activo se adaptó para Viet Nam con el objetivo de clasificar distintas comunas en función de la prevalencia de tracoma activo entre los escolares de primaria. Optando por un muestreo basado en las escuelas, los centros escolares se seleccionaron mediante un método de muestreo por áreas. Se estudiaron en total 719 comunas de 41 distritos de 18 provincias. RESULTADOS: Una vez identificados y solucionados algunos problemas iniciales con los métodos de muestreo por áreas, el personal que participó en la encuesta consideró el método empleado fácil y sencillo. Se consiguió con él una resolución espacial de la prevalencia más precisa que la lograda anteriormente en Viet Nam mediante técnicas semicuantitativas de evaluación rápida y estudios multietápicos con muestreo por conglomerados. CONCLUSIÓN: Empleado junto con técnicas de muestreo por áreas, el método LQAS puede ser la base de instrumentos encuestales que permitirían focalizar eficientemente los recursos para las intervenciones dirigidas contra el tracoma activo. Con algo más de trabajo, esos métodos podrían materializarse en un instrumento de aplicación general para planificar eficazmente los programas y certificar la eliminación del tracoma como enfermedad causante de ceguera.

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          Most cited references45

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          The epidemiology of trachoma in central Tanzania.

          Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide and data are needed on the epidemiological characteristics of active and residual disease in hyperendemic areas. This study describes the epidemiological characteristics of trachoma in Central Tanzania. Active, inflammatory disease peaks in pre-school children, with 60% showing signs of trachoma. Evidence of past infection, scarring, trichiasis, and corneal opacity, rose with age. In this population, 8% of those over age 55 had trichiasis/entropion. Females of all ages had more trachoma than males, with a fourfold increased risk of trichiasis observed in females. Women who were taking care of children appeared to have more active disease than non-caretakers. Clear evidence of clustering of trachoma by village, and within village, by neighbourhood was found. Clustering persisted even after accounting for differences in distance to water, local religion, and proportion of children with unclean faces. These findings have important implications for a trachoma control strategy.
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            Trachoma in The Gambia.

            As part of the second National Survey of Blindness and Low Vision in the Gambia carried out in 1996, all survey participants were examined for signs of trachoma. The findings were compared with the results of the first survey in 1986, which used the same sampling strategy. A multistage stratified cluster random sample, with proportional probability sampling, was obtained. Stratification included settlement size (less than 400 residents, and 400 and more residents). All subjects were examined for trachoma using the simplified WHO grading system. Of the sample of 14,110 people, 13,047 (92.5%) were examined. Active inflammatory trachoma (grade TF or TI) was found in 3.0% of all age groups and 5.9% of children aged 0-9 years old. Trichiasis was found in 3.3% and trachomatous corneal opacities in 0.9% of adults aged 30 and over. The prevalence of blinding trachomatous corneal opacities was 0.02%, compared with 0.10% 10 years previously. Compared with a previous national survey undertaken in 1986, prevalence of active trachoma has fallen by 54%. There has been an 80% relative reduction in blinding trachomatous corneal opacities over the 10 year period.
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              The Centric Systematic Area-Sample Treated as a Random Sample

              A. Milne (1959)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                October 2005
                : 83
                : 10
                : 756-763
                Affiliations
                [02] Hanoi orgnameInternational Trachoma Initiative Viet Nam
                [04] Hanoi orgnameNational Eye Hospital orgdiv1Department of Technical Development Support Viet Nam
                [03] Hanoi orgnameMinistry of Health of Viet Nam orgdiv1Department of Preventive Medicine and HIV/AIDS Control Viet Nam
                [05] Hanoi orgnameInvestment in Health Promotion Viet Nam
                [01] London orgnameUniversity College London orgdiv1Institute of Ophthalmology orgdiv2Division of Epidemiology England
                Article
                S0042-96862005001000012 S0042-9686(05)08301012
                /S0042-96862005001000012
                2626415
                16283052
                f196c8aa-094f-4c1a-83e9-10b75b1e9008

                History
                : 03 November 2004
                : 21 February 2005
                : 31 March 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Research

                Trachoma,Tracoma,Viet Nam,Health surveys,Niño,Escuelas,Data collection,Schools,Muestreo,Cross-sectional studies,Estudios transversales,Sampling studies,Encuestas epidemiológicas,Recolección de datos,Child,Trachome,Enfant,Enquête santé,Etablissement scolaire,Collecte données,Etude échantillon,Etude section efficace

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